Asylum and refugee policy of the European Union: international protection as a “windfall”?

El trabajo explica la Política de asilo y refugio de la Unión Europea, describiendo sus elementos e instrumentos normativos más importantes. Luego, analiza las dificultades experimentadas en la implementación de esa política al interior de los estados miembros, utilizando para ello informes de organismos internacionales, así como hechos que derivan de casos resueltos por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y la Corte Europea de Derechos Humanos. Como conclusión, entre otras, se aprecia un comportamiento abiertamente divergente entre los distintos países miembros de la Unión Europea, causado principal pero no exclusivamente por las capacidades y recursos con que cuentan cada uno de ellos.The paper explains the refugee policy of the European Union, describing its elements and most important policy instruments. Then, it describes the difficulties encountered in implementing this policy within member states, using reports from international agencies and facts derived from cases decided by the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Humain Rights. In conclusion, among others, may be mentioned an openly divergent behavior between member states of the European Union, caused mainly but not exclusively, because of the level of skills and resources they have each country

THE FREDKIN GATE IN REVERSIBLE AND QUANTUM ENVIRONMENTS

Reversible Computing circuits are characterized by low power consumption and their proximity to circuits for quantum computing. The Fredkin gate was one of the earliest proposed controlled reversible circuits, which however, was soon superseded by the Toffoli gate, the NOT, and CNOT gates, which constituting a flexible functionally complete set could also realize the Fredkin gate as a building block. In quantum computing circuits, the Fredkin gate (under the name controlled SWAP) plays an important role regarding the superposition of states. The present paper studies extensions of the Fredkin gate in terms of mixed polarity in the reversible domain and an application in quantum computing