Rendimiento de grano y eficiencia en el uso del agua en maíz bajo riego complementario con agua salina

En San Luis, Argentina, el cultivo de maíz es relevante con un rendimiento medio de grano de 1.600 kg ha-1 inferior al potencial con riego complementario (14.000 kg ha-1). No siempre se dispone de agua de calidad para riego pero en la región semiárida con suelos permeables se podrían estabilizar los rendimientos con riego complementario con agua salina. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el rendimiento en grano y la eficiencia en el uso del agua del cultivo de maíz con distintos niveles de riego con agua salina y ertilización con nitrógeno y fósforo. Durante las campañas agrícolas 2005-06 y 2006-07 se evaluó el rendimiento de maíz con tres niveles de riego, 100% y 50% del requerimiento hídrico y secano; y 9 niveles de fertilización combinando nitrógeno y fósforo. Se regó por aspersión con agua salina con una conductividad de 4,26 dS m-1. El diseño estadístico fue anidado. Las dosis de riego fueron determinadas con datos meteorológicos históricos corregidas quincenalmente a través del contenido hídrico del suelo. El rendimiento se determinó mediante la cosecha de dos metros lineales del surco central de cada parcela, calculándose la producción de grano y la eficiencia de uso del agua. Durante el primer año con precipitaciones menores a la media la producción de los tratamientos de riego fue superior al de secano, mientras que en el segundo año con precipitaciones superiores a la media se observaron mayores rendimientos en tratamientos con 50% de riego. No se encontró respuesta a la fertilización nitrogenada ni fosforada en cuanto a rendimiento y EUA durante la primera campaña, aunque se logró estabilizar los rendimientos regando con agua salina. Durante el segundo año los mayores rendimientos se lograron con niveles de fertilización y riego medios, y los tratamientos de secano también lograron un buen desempeñoIn San Luis Province, Argentina, maize is annually cultivated, with an average grain yield of 1,600 kg ha-1, by far below of the potential yield with complementary irrigation (15,000 kg ha-1). Quality water is not always available for irrigation. However, in semiarid region with permeable soils it is possible to reach stabilize maize yields by using supplementary irrigation with saline water. This work evaluated the yield and water use efficience of maize crop cultivation under different irrigation levels with saline water and fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus. During two growing seasons (2005-2007) evaluated maize yield with three irrigation levels: 100% and 50% of water crop requirements, and unirrigated land; and nine fertilization treatments which the combination of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. The crop was sprinkler irrigated with saline water,conductivity was 4.26 dS m-1. The statistic design for fertilization treatment was nested. Irrigation levels were determined on the basis of the historical data, and corrected biweekly by considering the soil water content. Grain yield was measured along two central lineal meters by plot and water use efficiency (WUE) was also measured. During the first year of the study the pricipitation was below average, the crop yield were statistically (α = 0.05) higher under irrigation than on the un-irrigated treatment. In the second year the precipitation was higher average, crop yield in treatments with 50% of irrigation was significantly higher than in the other ones. This year don’t found response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization about crop yield and water use efficiency, but saline water irrigation allowed stabilized yields. In second year the higher yields were achieved with average irrigation and fertilization levels, the anirrigated treatment also achieved good performance.EEA San LuisFil: Saenz, Claudio Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Hermida, Vanina Fernanda. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Pampeana; ArgentinaFil: Frigerio, Karina Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Morábito, José Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Terenti, Oscar Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; ArgentinaFil: Cortes, Marcela Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis; Argentin

Integrated hydrologic-economic decision support system for groundwater use confronting climate change uncertainties in the Tunuyan River basin, Argentina

This study presents an integrated hydrologic-economic model as decision support system for groundwater use and incorporates uncertainties of climate change. The model was developed with the Vensim software (Ventana Systems) for system dynamic simulations. The software permitted the integration of economic variables along with hydrologic variables, in a unified format with the aim of evaluating the economic impacts of climate change on arid environments. To test the model, we applied it in one of the upper Tunuyán River sub-basin, located in the Mendoza Province (Argentina), where irrigation comes from groundwater. The model defines the best mix of crops and the total land use required to maximize the total river sub-basin monetary income, considering as a limit the amount of water that does not exceed the natural annual aquifer recharge. To estimate the impacts of climatic changes, four scenarios were compared: the business as usual (with the number of existing wells) in a dry year with a temperature increase of 4 °C; the business as usual in a wet year with an increase in temperature of 1.1 °C; an efficient use of wells in a dry year and a temperature increase of 4 °C and an efficient use of wells in a wet year with a temperature increase of 1.1 °C. Outputs calculated by the model were: land use per crop, total sub-basin net benefit, total sub-basin water extraction, water extraction limit depending on river discharge and total number of wells required to irrigate the entire area. Preliminary results showed that the number of existing wells exceeded the optimized number of wells required to sustainably irrigate the entire river sub-basin. Results indicated that in an average river discharge year, if wells were efficiently used, further rural development would be possible, until the limit of 350 million m3 of water extraction per year was reached (650 million m3 for a wet year and 180 million m3 for a dry year). The unified format and the low cost of the software license make the model a useful tool for Water Resources Management Institutions, particularly in developing countries

Parametrización de la ecuación de Hargreaves en el oasis norte de Mendoza, Argentina

In view of the water scarcity that affects the province of Mendoza, Argentina, information on reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0 ) is crucial for irrigation scheduling. Data that are not generally available is required for the determination of ET0 , with the Penman-Monteith FAO56 equation (PM). The Hargreaves equation (HG), which only requires air temperature data, represents an alternative to calculate ET0 , after its local or regional calibration with PM. In this paper, the Hargreaves equation was calibrated locally by means of annual (Ca ) and monthly (Cm,j) adjustment coefficients for the northern oasis of Mendoza. Also, a regionalisation of the Ca was performed considering environmental variables. The local adjustment with both coefficients made it possible to correct the positive bias that indicated an overestimation of HG with respect to PM in 12 meteorological stations. The mean value of the root mean square error decreased from 0.80 mm day-1 to 0.57 mm day-1 with the Ca adjustment coefficient, and to 0.55 mm day-1 with the Cm,j adjustment coefficient, while the absolute error decreased from 0.63 to 0.42 and 0.39, respectively. Wind speed was the variable that best explained the regional variability of the Ca (R2 = 0.64).Ante la escasez hídrica atravesada por Mendoza, Argentina, es importante conocer la evapotranspiración referencia (ET0 ) de los cultivos para programar el riego. Su cálculo, a partir de la ecuación de Penman-Monteith FAO56 (PM), requiere contar con datos no disponibles en general. La ecuación de Hargreaves (HG), que solo requiere datos de temperaturas del aire, representa una alternativa para calcular ET0 , luego de su calibración local o regional con PM. En este trabajo se calibró localmente la ecuación de Hargreaves por medio de coeficientes de ajuste anuales (Ca ) y mensuales (Cm,j) para el oasis norte de Mendoza. También, se llevó a cabo una regionalización del Ca considerando las variables ambientales. El ajuste local con ambos coeficientes logró eliminar el sesgo positivo que indicaba una sobrestimación de HG con respecto a PM en las 12 estaciones meteorológicas consideradas. El valor promedio del error cuadrático medio disminuyó de 0,80 mm día-1 a 0,57 mm día-1 con el ajuste con Ca y a 0,55 mm día-1 con el uso de Cm,j, mientras que el error absoluto disminuyó de 0,63 a 0,42 y 0,39 respectivamente. La velocidad del viento fue la variable que mejor explicó la variabilidad regional del Ca (R2 = 0,64).Fil: Aguilera, Regina Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Maestre Valero, José Francisco. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; EspañaFil: Martínez Álvarez, Victoriano. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; EspañaFil: Gassmann, María Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos; ArgentinaFil: Morabito, Jose Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Bortezomib, melphalan, prednisone (VMP) versus melphalan, prednisone, thalidomide (MPT) in elderly newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: A retrospective case-matched study

Novel agents in combination with melphalan and prednisone (MP) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in multiple myeloma (MM). Randomized trials comparing MP plus bortezomib (VMP) versus MP plus thalidomide (MPT) are lacking. Nine hundred and fifty-six elderly (>65 years) newly diagnosed MM patients from six European randomized trials were retrospectively analyzed and matched for age, albumin, and beta2-microglobulin at diagnosis, 296 patients were selected from the VMP groups, and 294 from MPT. Complete response rate was 21% in the VMP patients and 13% in the MPT patients (P=0.007). After a median follow-up of 34 months (range, 1-92), VMP significantly prolonged both PFS (median 32.5 vs. 22.9 months, HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.52-0.82; P<0.001) and OS (median 79.7 vs. 45.1 months, HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.32-0.59; P<0.001) in comparison with MPT. The benefit in terms of OS of the VMP group was quite similar among patients with different risk factors defined by sex, ISS, ECOG performance status, or serum creatinine but not among patients ≥75 years. Multivariate analysis confirmed that VMP was an independent predictor of longer PFS and OS. In a control-case matched analysis, PFS and OS were prolonged in patients who received VMP in comparison with those treated with MPT.Peer Reviewe

The Art of Dying: Mira de Amescua’s La hija de Carlos V and Ximénez de Enciso’s La mayor hazaña de Carlos V

Charles V was a popular figure on the early modern stage; plays offered nostalgic glimpses of a warrior king who conquered foreign lands and stifled the spread of heresy. This article examines two plays that dramatize Charles V’s life: Mira de Amescua’s La hija de Carlos V and Ximénez de Enciso’s La mayor hazaña de Carlos V. Instead of serving audiences the normal rations of a swashbuckling Charles, these plays push aside the battles and the pageantry in order to emphasize the inner conflict that troubled the emperor during his final years. I analyse how these two plays use stage directions and performative cues to depict the emperor’s abdication and retirement to Yuste, finding that the plays engage with vanitas, the still-life visual reminders of human mortality, and the ars moriendi literary tradition in order to promote the concept of a good death. Carlos V era un personaje popular en los corrales de comedias; las obras ofrecían una imagen nostálgica de un rey guerrero que conquistaba tierras lejanas y evitaba la difusión de la herejía. Este artículo propone examinar dos obras sobre la vida de Carlos V: La hija de Carlos V de Mira de Amescua y La mayor hazaña de Carlos V de Ximénez de Enciso. En vez de alabar el lado militar del emperador, las obras se alejan de las batallas y la pompa para enfocarse en el conflicto interior que le preocupaba durante sus años postreros. Analizo las acotaciones y otras indicaciones de la puesta en escena relacionadas con la abdicación del emperador a Yuste, y concluyo que las obras dialogan con vanitas, las pinturas de naturaleza muerta que recuerdan la mortalidad humana, y la tradición literaria de las ars moriendi para promover la idea del bien morir

Bortezomib, melphalan, prednisone (VMP) versus melphalan, prednisone, thalidomide (MPT) in elderly newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients:A retrospective case-matched study

Novel agents in combination with melphalan and prednisone (MP) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in multiple myeloma (MM). Randomized trials comparing MP plus bortezomib (VMP) versus MP plus thalidomide (MPT) are lacking. Nine hundred and fifty-six elderly (>65 years) newly diagnosed MM patients from six European randomized trials were retrospectively analyzed and matched for age, albumin, and beta2-microglobulin at diagnosis, 296 patients were selected from the VMP groups, and 294 from MPT. Complete response rate was 21% in the VMP patients and 13% in the MPT patients (P=0.007). After a median follow-up of 34 months (range, 1-92), VMP significantly prolonged both PFS (median 32.5 vs. 22.9 months, HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.52-0.82; P<0.001) and OS (median 79.7 vs. 45.1 months, HR 0.44; 95% CI 0.32-0.59; P<0.001) in comparison with MPT. The benefit in terms of OS of the VMP group was quite similar among patients with different risk factors defined by sex, ISS, ECOG performance status, or serum creatinine but not among patients 75 years. Multivariate analysis confirmed that VMP was an independent predictor of longer PFS and OS. In a control-case matched analysis, PFS and OS were prolonged in patients who received VMP in comparison with those treated with MPT. Am. J. Hematol. 89:355-362, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Two hundred years of environmental change in picos de Europa National Park inferred from sediments of Lago Enol, northern Iberia

We present a study of two short sediment cores recovered from Lago Enol, in the Picos de Europa National Park, Cantabrian Mountains, northern Iberia. We inferred past climate conditions and anthropogenic impacts using geochemical and biological (pollen and diatoms) variables in the dated sequences, in conjunction with temperature and precipitation data collected since 1871 at meteorological stations in the region. The record provides evidence of environmental changes during the last 200 years. At the end of the Little Ice Age (*1800–1875 AD) the region was characterized by an open landscape. Longterm use of the area for mixed livestock grazing in the mountains, and cultivation of rye during the nineteenth century, contributed to the expansion of grassland at the expense of forest. Warmer temperatures since the end of the nineteenth century are inferred from a change in diatom assemblages and development of the local forest. Socioeconomic transformation during the twentieth century, such as livestock changes related to dairy specialization, planting of non-native trees, mining activities, and management of the national park since its creation in 1918, caused profound changes in the catchment and in the lake ecology. The last several decades (*1970–2007 AD) of the Lago Enol sediment record are strikingly different from previous periods, indicating lower runoff and increasing lake productivity, particularly since AD 2000. Today, the large number of tourists who visit the area cause substantial impacts on this ecosystem