Efecto de la velocidad de agitación en la cinética de lixiviación con tiourea de minerales flotados de oro

In this work, the effect of the agitation speed on the thiourea kinetics with thiourea of gold-floated minerals, the concentration of thiourea (TU) that achieved the greatest recovery of gold from its floated concentrates compared with cyanide was determined, In addition, the kinetic model that controls leaching with thiourea. For this, a “Suction tube” type Baffled reactor is used with mechanical agitation by means of a vane type impeller. The parameters analyzed were: percentage of solids (15 %); TU concentration (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 g/L); stirring speed (420, 490, 560, 700 rpm); reaction time (4 h); effective reactor capacity (27.1 L). An atomic absorption spectrophotometer is estimated to determine the gold concentration. It was determined that the thiourea concentration of 9 g / L was the one that produced the best gold recovery results. The thiourea leaching process adapts to the kinetic diffusion model through the ash layer as a controlling stage. Thiourea, as a leaching agent of the Au concentrate, has a lower percentage (1.74 % less) of recovery of this metal than with cyanide during the leaching process at 240 m of stirring at a stirring speed of 700 rpm.En este trabajo se determinó el efecto de la velocidad de agitación en la cinética de lixiviación con tiourea de minerales flotados de oro, así como la concentración de tiourea (TU) que permitió obtener la mayor recuperación de oro a partir de sus concentrados flotados comparándolo con cianuro, y se estableció, además, el modelo cinético que controla la lixiviación con tiourea. Para esto se utilizó un reactor bafleado tipo draft tube con agitación mecánica mediante impulsor tipo paleta. Los parámetros analizados fueron: porcentaje de sólidos (15 %), concentración de TU (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 g/L), velocidad de agitación (420, 490, 560, 700 rpm), tiempo de reacción (4 h), y capacidad efectiva de reactor (27,1 L). Se utilizó un espectrofotómetro de absorción atómica para determinar la concentración de oro. Asimismo, se determinó que la concentración de tiourea de 9 g/L fue la que produjo mejores resultados de recuperación de oro. El proceso de lixiviación con tiourea se adapta al modelo cinético de difusión a través de la capa de cenizas como etapa controlante. La tiourea, como agente lixiviante del concentrado de Au, presenta menor porcentaje (1,74 % menos) de recuperación de este metal que con cianuro durante el proceso de lixiviación a los 240 m de agitación a una velocidad de agitación de 700 rpm

Linfoma linfoblástico de presentación cutánea

B-precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma is a strange neoplasm that show about 10% of lymphoblastic lymphoma cases and affects ganglial swelling places such as skin, soft tissue, and bone, with unusual leukemic condition. Without other symptoms, the condition is manifested only by the presence of tumor at the affected place. With intensive systemic chemotherapy, similar to that used in B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, a good response can be obtained. We present a situation of an 8-year-old girl who presented hyperpigmented plaques between 2 and 7cm in diameter, hard, painless, with no other symptoms and with normal exams. Biopsy with histopathological diagnosis and immunophenotype was performed with initiation of treatment and favorable response.El linfoma linfoblástico de precursores B es una neoplasia infrecuente que representa cerca del 10% de los casos de linfoma linfoblástico y que afectar sitios extra ganglionares, como piel, tejidos blandos y hueso; con afección leucémica poco usual. Sin otros síntomas acompañantes; la afección se manifiesta únicamente por la presencia de tumor en el sitio afectado. Con quimioterapia intensiva sistémica, similar a la utilizada en la Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda B se puede obtener buena respuesta. Presentamos un caso de una niña de 8 años que presenta placas hiperpigmentadas de entre 2 y 7cm de diámetro mayor, duras, no dolorosas, sin otra sintomatología y con exámenes normales. Se realiza biopsia con diagnóstico histopatológico e inmunofenotipo con inicio de tratamiento y respuesta favorable

Genealogía de la familia Vol 2: Familia, educación y sociedad como unidad dialéctica

El texto Familia, educación y sociedad como unidad dialéctica se compone de ocho capítulos que abordan los fines sociales de la familia; la relación familia, sociedad y Estado; la incidencia de la familia en la educación, en la toma de decisiones, en la elección de una carrera profesional, en el desarrollo personal, en el aprendizaje; en la construcción de la imagen social, en la percepción del lenguaje sexista; etc. Los contextos abordados permiten comprender que el telos de la actividad educativa se dirige hacia la formación del ser humano como aquel que lleva consigo una serie de preceptos, valores y pricncipios adquiridos en la familia como el núcleo pricipal de la sociedad; advierte que cada componente en sí mismo constituye una unidad dialéctica que al interactuar con las otras se consolidan, fortalecen y proyectan hacia un nuevo orden

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates