Flower diversification across “pollinator climates”: Sensory aspects of corolla color evolution in the florally diverse south american genus Jaborosa (Solanaceae)

Flower phenotype may diverge within plant lineages when moving across “pollinator climates” (geographic differences in pollinator abundance or preference). Here we explored the potential importance of pollinators as drivers of floral color diversification in the nightshade genus Jaborosa, taking into account color perception capabilities of the actual pollinators (nocturnal hawkmoths vs. saprophilous flies) under a geographic perspective. We analyzed the association between transitions across environments and perceptual color axes using comparative methods. Our results revealed two major evolutionary themes in Jaborosa: (1) a “warm subtropical sphingophilous clade” composed of three hawkmoth-pollinated species found in humid lowland habitats, with large white flowers that clustered together in the visual space of a model hawkmoth (Manduca sexta) and a “cool-temperate brood-deceptive clade” composed of largely fly-pollinated species with small dark flowers found at high altitudes (Andes) or latitudes (Patagonian Steppe), that clustered together in the visual space of a model blowfly (Lucilia sp.) and a syrphid fly (Eristalis tenax). Our findings suggest that the ability of plants to colonize newly formed environments during Andean orogeny and the ecological changes that followed were concomitant with transitions in flower color as perceived by different pollinator functional groups. Our findings suggest that habitat and pollination mode are inextricably linked in the history of this South American plant lineage.Fil: Moré, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Ibañez, Ana Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Drewniak, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Cocucci, Andrea Aristides. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Raguso, Robert A.. Cornell University; Estados Unido

Phenotypic selection mosaic for flower length influenced by geographically varying hawkmoth pollinator proboscis length and abiotic environment

Biotic and abiotic context may affect the intensity of interspecific interactions and subsequently drive locally particular phenotypic selection patterns on interacting traits. We evaluated the geographical variation of matching traits of the brush‐type flowers of Caesalpinia gilliesii and of the proboscis length of its guild of hawkmoth pollinators, as well as their relation with environmental variables. We assessed the geographical variation of interacting traits (style and filament vs. mean proboscis length of the guild of hawkmoths) across seven populations, and estimated phenotypic selection on the plant side. Interacting traits showed similar relationships with environmental variables. Phenotypic selection on the plant side was influenced by proboscis length and by environmental conditions. Mean proboscis length of the guild was shorter than previously recorded for the same study area thus probably shifting the selective optima of flower length. We observed two presumptive coevolutionary cold spots where one‐sided negative directional selection is acting on style length. The lack of selection on the pollinator‐side should be further confirmed. We provided joint evidence, mostly lacking, about the geographical variation of selective pressures on the plant side associated with both proboscis length and abiotic conditions. We suggest that recent environmental change may be shifting floral length optima.Fil: Soteras, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Rubini Pisano, Malén Alué. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Bariles, Julieta Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Moré, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Cocucci, Andrea Arístides. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin

Range overlap between the sword-billed hummingbird and its guild of long-flowered species: An approach to the study of a coevolutionary mosaic

The coevolutionary process among free-living mutualists with extremely long matching traits may favor the formation of mutualistic interaction networks through coevolutionary escalation, complementarity and convergence. These networks may be geographically structured; the links among the species of a local network are shaped by the biotic composition of the community, thus creating selection mosaics at broader geographical scales. Therefore, to fully understand a coevolutionary process, it is crucial to visualize the geographical structure of the interaction network across the landscape. In this study we focused on the poorly known interaction system between Ensifera ensifera and its guild of long-flowered plant species. We combined occurrence data and environmental variables to predict E. ensifera distribution, in addition to range polygons available for plant species in order to evaluate the geographical variation in bill length and plant species richness. A positive relationship between bill length and plant species richness within the E. ensifera range suggests a geographical structuring of the interaction networks. At mid-latitude locations of E. ensifera range, where hummingbirds attained the longest bills, richness of long-flowered plant species was higher than at low latitude locations. These locations likely represent coevolutionary vortices where long-lasting reciprocal selection probably drove the evolution of long traits, consequently drawing new plant species into the coevolutionary network. Conversely, areas where the sword-billed hummingbird was absent or had shorter bills probably represent coevolutionary coldspots. Our results provide a first insight into this phenotypically specialized plant-pollinator network across the landscape and show candidate areas to test the predictions of the coevolutionary hypothesis, such as reciprocal selection.Fil: Soteras, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Moré, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Ibañez, Ana Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Iglesias, María del Rosario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Cocucci, Andrea Aristides. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentin

Investigation of a mass stranding of 68 short-beaked common dolphins in Golfo Nuevo, Península Valdés, Argentina

We report on the investigation of a mass stranding of 68 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) that occurred in Golfo Nuevo, Península Valdés, Argentina in March 2018. Twenty-one of the stranded dolphins were returned alive to the sea, while 47 animals died. Dead dolphins included all ages, with more males than females (29 males and 18 females). The cause of death investigation reported here is restricted to 15 adult individuals and one fetus on which a full set of diagnostics was prioritized due to limited funding. Our results demonstrate that the death of 16 dolphins assessed in this study was not due to obvious human effects (e.g. bycatch) or underlying pathologies, as all animals were in good body condition and had no external evidence of injuries. Infections by Morbillivirus, Influenza A virus, Sarcocystis spp., Toxoplasma gondii, or Neospora caninum, as well domoic acid (DA) toxicity were ruled out as ethiologies in this event. Notably, results on exposure to paralytic shelfish toxins (PSP) were the only investigated cause of death found positive. This is the first documentation of exposure to PSP toxins in short-beaked common dolphins from the Argentine Sea. At present our results are insufficient to assess whether PSP toxin exposure played a role in the death of the stranded dolphins. Notwithstanding, the full documentation and investigation of the most commonly reported pathogens and toxins involved in cetacean mass strandings allowed us to clear the most relevant health differentials and suggests areas for future study. Additional potential hypothesis related to factors known or speculated to cause cetacean mass strandings are currently being explored within the ecological context at the time of the event

Determinantes sociales que influyen en el comportamiento de la automedicación en los jóvenes: revisión integrativa

La automedicación se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública, por ende, el profesional de la salud se ve obligado a intervenir de manera directa e indirecta ante esta problemática para buscar soluciones que mitiguen el impacto causado por esta práctica poco segura. El estudio identifica los principales determinantes sociales relacionados con la conducta de la automedicación especialmente en los jóvenes y las características sociodemográficas atribuidas a este grupo poblacional, así como los grupos de medicamentos y los síntomas más comunes, de tal forma que la presente investigación sirva como referente teórico para tomar medidas a nivel de políticas públicas que sirvan para regular la venta y el consumo de medicamentos sin prescripción médica. Metodología. Revisión integradora de la literatura con base a Whittwemore y Kanaff. Se realizó utilizando palabras claves, descriptores y operadores boléanos AND Y OR. Se seleccionaron 15 artículos indexados en las bases de datos suscritas a la Universidad de Córdoba, publicados entre 2012 y 2022 en idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Resultados. Las bases de datos con mayores resultados fueron BVS con un 40%, PUDMED con un 20% y SCOPUS con un 20%; respecto al idioma, el 53% de los artículos seleccionados fueron en español, el 40% en inglés y 7% en portugués. Conclusión. Se pudo evidenciar que las mujeres suelen automedicarse con mayor frecuencia; el síntoma más común por el cual se incurre a esta práctica es la cefalea y los grupos de medicamentos más utilizados son los analgésicos y antiinflamatorio.RESUMEN .......................................................................................................... 6ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... 7INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................. 121. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................... 161.1. GENERAL .............................................................................................. 161.2. ESPECÍFICOS ....................................................................................... 162. REFERENTE TEÓRICO ............................................................................ 172.1 MARCO CONCEPTUAL ...................................................................... 172.1.1 Automedicación ................................................................................ 172.1.2 Determinantes sociales ................................................................. 182.1.3 Juventud ........................................................................................ 202.2 MARCO REFERENCIAL ..................................................................... 212.3 MARCO TEÓRICO .............................................................................. 232.4 MARCO LEGAL ................................................................................... 253. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO ...................................................................... 263.1 TIPO DE ESTUDIO.............................................................................. 263.2 RECOLECCIÓN DE LA INFORMACIÓN ............................................. 263.3 CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN ............................................................... 273.4 CRITERIOS DE EXCLUSIÓN .............................................................. 273.5 ANÁLISIS DE LA INFORMACIÓN ....................................................... 283.6. CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ...................... 283.7 DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO DE BASES DE DATOS CONSULTADAS ......... 293.8 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO ......................................... 295. DISCUSIÓN .................................................................................................. 376. CONCLUSIÓN .............................................................................................. 397. RECOMENDACIONES .............................................................................. 407.1 PARA LA UNIVERSIDAD ........................................................................ 407.2 PARA EL PROGRAMA DE ENFERMERÍA ............................................. 408. BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................... 41ANEXOS ........................................................................................................... 47PregradoEnfermero(a)Trabajos de Investigación y/o Extensió

Identification of a new Sarcocystis sp. in marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) from wetlands of Argentina

The marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) is the largest South American native deer species and is listed as “Vulnerable” by IUCN due to the population reduction. As part of a conservation and disease surveillance program, muscle samples from 14 marsh deer found dead in 2016 and 2017 in northeast Argentina were obtained at necropsy. Samples from each animal were processed as pooled muscles (heart, diaphragm, tongue and hindlimb) by homogenization and direct microscopical observation to detect intracellular Sarcocystis spp. cysts. Sarcocysts were observed in six samples, and several cysts recovered from two samples were processed by transmission electron microscopy. The cysts were thin-walled and showed a cyst-wall ultrastructure with ribbon-like protrusions similar to other species using cervids as intermediate host and canids as definitive hosts. Genomic DNA from individual sarcocysts from three marsh deer were successfully amplified by PCR of 18S rRNA and COI gene fragments and further sequenced. Sequence comparison revealed a 99.3–100% identity among them and only 93.7–96.6% and 88.8–89.7% identity at 18S rRNA and COI markers, respectively, with other Sarcocystis spp. Despite morphological similarities, the high sequence divergence at 18S rRNA and COI fragments allowed the assumption that Sarcocystis sp. from marsh deer is a different species from others using cervids as intermediate hosts. Therefore, we propose the name Sarcocystis blastoceris n. sp. for the species infecting marsh deer

Correction: Range overlap between the sword-billed hummingbird and its guild of long-flowered species: An approach to the study of a coevolutionary mosaic.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209742.]

The role of fetid olfactory signals in the shift to saprophilous fly pollination in Jaborosa (Solanaceae)

Floral scents can act as important contributing factors to plant reproductive isolation mediated by pollinators. Plants may utilize fetid floral odors that specifically lure saprophilous flies seeking high protein content substrates, such as dung or carrion, to reach sexual maturity or as food sources for their larvae. In this work, we used baits with fetid volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are produced during the decay of animal protein substrates (oligosulfides and a fermented bone-meal blend) to evaluate the role that olfactory signals may have played in the shift to saprophilous fly pollination in species of the nightshade genus Jaborosa Juss. Traps with the fetid baits attracted the same assemblage of saprophilous fly species that were recorded pollinating the flowers in different populations of the Andean-distributed species J. laciniata, whereas no flies were attracted to the control traps using mineral oil. Furthermore, the addition of oligosulfides to flowers of J. integrifolia, a lowland distributed species pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths, resulted in the nearly immediate attraction of saprophilous flies (mainly Calliphoridae) to the flowers. These results provide evidence that the emission of fetid floral VOCs is sufficient to attract flies to flowers irrespective of other flower features and geographic region. This suggests that the evolutionary shift to saprophilous fly pollination in the genus Jaborosa could have been initiated with novel floral visitors attracted by the emission of fetid VOCs and then followed by major changes in other flower traits such as corolla color and morphology to optimize pollen export and placement.Fil: Moré, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; ArgentinaFil: Battan Horenstein, Moira. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Cocucci, Andrea Aristides. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Raguso, Robert A.. Cornell University; Estados Unido

Extreme variation in floral characters and its consequences for pollinator attraction among populations of an Andean cactus

† Background and aims A South American cactus species, Echinopsis ancistrophora (Cactaceae), with dramatic among-population variation in floral traits is presented. † Methods Eleven populations of E. ancistrophora were studied in their habitats in northern Argentina, and comparisons were made of relevant floral traits such as depth, stigma position, nectar volume and sugar concentration, and anthesis time. Diurnal and nocturnal pollinator assemblages were evaluated for populations with different floral trait combinations. † Key Results Remarkable geographical variations in floral traits were recorded among the 11 populations throughout the distribution range of E. ancistrophora, with flower lengths ranging from 4 . 5 to 24 . 1 cm. Other floral traits associated with pollinator attraction also varied in a population-specific manner, in concert with floral depth. Populations with the shortest flowers showed morning anthesis and those with the longest flowers opened at dusk, whereas those with flowers of intermediate length opened at unusual times (2300-0600 h). Nectar production varied non-linearly with floral length; it was absent to low ( population means up to 15 mL) in short-to intermediate-length flowers, but was high ( population means up to 170 mL) in the longest tubed flowers. Evidence from light-trapping of moths, pollen carriage on their bodies and moth scale deposition on stigmas suggests that sphingid pollination is prevalent only in the four populations with the longest flowers, in which floral morphological traits and nectar volumes match the classic expectations for the hawkmoth pollination syndrome. All other populations, with flowers 4 . 5-15 cm long, were pollinated exclusively by solitary bees. † Conclusions The results suggest incipient differentiation at the population level and local adaptation to either bee or hawkmoth ( potentially plus bee) pollination