Residual Toxicity of Abamectin, Chlorpyrifos, Cyromazine, Indoxacarb and Spinosad on Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Greenhouse Conditions

Liriomyza trifolii is an important pest of vegetable crops in many parts of the worldincluding Iran. In this study potted bean plants were sprayed with recommended fieldrates of abamectin, chlorpyrifos, cyromazine, indoxacarb and spinosad. To assess the residualactivities of these insecticides, the plants were infested with L. trifolii adults 2 hours; 1, 3,5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 days after insecticidal treatments. The adults were allowed to stayon treated plants for eight hours. The treated plants were kept in a greenhouse. Numberof feeding stipples and larval mines on leaves, as well as pupation and adult eclosion rateswere assessed. Two-way ANOVA procedure of SAS was used for statistical analysis andthe treatment means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. Abamectin andspinosad severely affected egg hatching and embryonic development. Eggs oviposited inleaves with residues of chlorpyrifos up to 5 days old, had reduced hatching. Larval developmentwas also, affected by residues of chlorpyrifos up to four weeks old. Indoxacarbreduced larval development and adult eclosion in treatments with up to 20 days old residues.Cyromazine had no effect on the number of larval mines, but, pupation was severelyhampered and adult eclosion was completely ceased even in treatments with five weeksold residues. Determining the residual activity of insecticides used for controlling this pestis useful in avoiding unnecessary treatments

Rezidualna toksičnost abamektina, hlorpirifosa, ciromazina, indoksakarba i spinosada za Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) u uslovima stakleničke proizvodnje

Liriomyza trifolii is an important pest of vegetable crops in many parts of the world including Iran. In this study potted bean plants were sprayed with recommended field rates of abamectin, chlorpyrifos, cyromazine, indoxacarb and spinosad. To assess the residual activities of these insecticides, the plants were infested with L. trifolii adults 2 hours; 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 days after insecticidal treatments. The adults were allowed to stay on treated plants for eight hours. The treated plants were kept in a greenhouse. Number of feeding stipples and larval mines on leaves, as well as pupation and adult eclosion rates were assessed. Two-way ANOVA procedure of SAS was used for statistical analysis and the treatment means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. Abamectin and spinosad severely affected egg hatching and embryonic development. Eggs oviposited in leaves with residues of chlorpyrifos up to 5 days old, had reduced hatching. Larval development was also, affected by residues of chlorpyrifos up to four weeks old. Indoxacarb reduced larval development and adult eclosion in treatments with up to 20 days old residues. Cyromazine had no effect on the number of larval mines, but, pupation was severely hampered and adult eclosion was completely ceased even in treatments with five weeks old residues. Determining the residual activity of insecticides used for controlling this pest is useful in avoiding unnecessary treatments.Liriomyza trifolii je značajna štetočina povrtarskih biljaka u mnogim delovima sveta uključujući i Iran. U ovom radu, biljke pasulja uzgojene u saksijama su prskane preporučenim dozama abamektina, hlorpirifosa, ciromazina, indoksakarba i spinosada. U cilju procene rezidualne toksičnosti ovih insekticida biljke su infestirane imagom L. trifolii u trajanju od 2 časa; 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 i 35 dana nakon tretmana insekticidima. Imagu je bilo dozvoljeno da se zadrži na tretiranim biljkama osam časova. Tretirane biljke su čuvane u stakleniku. U radu je ocenjen broj tačkastih oštećenja usled ishrane i broj mina na listovima, kao i stepen ulutkavanja i eklozije imaga. Podaci su obrađeni dvofaktorijalnom analizom varijanse u SAS programu, a primenjen je i Dankanov test višestrukih poređenja. Abamektin i spinosad su značajno uticali na piljenje i embrionalni razvoj. Piljenje iz jaja položenih u listove sa reziduama hlopirifosa starim do pet dana je bilo smanjeno. Razvoj larvi je takođe bio pod uticajem rezidua hlorpirifosa starosti do četiri nedelje. Indoksakarb je uticao na smanjenje razvoja larvi i ekloziju imaga u tretmanima sa reziduama starim do 20 dana. Ciromazin nije uticao na broj mina, ali je ulutkavanje bilo značajno ometeno, a eklozija imaga u potpunosti zaustavljena čak i u tretmanima sa pet nedelja starim reziduama. Određivanje rezidualne aktivnosti insekticida koji se koriste za kontrolu ove štetočine je korisno sa aspekta izostavljanja nepotrebnih tretmana

Eustigmaeus setiferus, n. sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) from Iran

A new species of Eustigmaeus Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Stigmaeidae), Eustigmaeus setiferus n. sp., is described and illustrated from soil in apple orchards at Maragheh, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2011.55320

Stigmaeus maraghehiensis, a new species of the genus Stigmaeus Koch (Acari: Stigmaeidae) from northwest Iran

A new species of Stigmaeus Koch (Acari: Stigmaeidae), Stigmaeus maraghehiensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the soil in apple orchards in Maragheh, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. A key to all known Iranian species of the genus is provided.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01647954.2011.583272http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01647954.2011.58327

FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF HABROBRACON HEBETOR SAY (HYM.: BRACONIDAE) TO MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH (ANAGASTA KUEHNIELLA ZELLER), IN RESPONSE TO PESTICIDES

Abstract: The functional response is a behavioral phenomena defined as the relation between the parasitized host per each parasitoid and host density. This phenomenon can be useful in assessing parasitoid efficiency for the biological control of the host. Parasitoid wasps are most important insects and they play a significant role in the natural control of pests via their parasitism activities. In this study, the effects of diazinon and malathion were evaluated on the functional response of Habrobracon hebetor Say to different densi-ties of last instar larvae of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller. Young adult females (< 24 h old) of the parasitoid were exposed to LC30 values of pesticides. Host densities of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 were offered, to treated young females for 24 h in 10 cm Petri dishes. At this point, the parasitism data were recorded. The experiments were conducted in eight replications. The functional response was type Ш in the control and insecticide treatments. Searching efficiency in the control, diazinon and malathion-treated wasps were 0.008±0.002, 0.003±0.002, and 0.004±0.002 h–1, handling times were 1.38±0.1, 7.95±0.91, and 6.4±0.81 h, respectively. Diazinon and malathion had the highest and the lowest effect on searching efficiency of H. hebetor, respectively. After conducting advanced field studies, it was found that malathion may be used as a compatible chemical material with biological control agent in IPM programs