Journal Bearings

A plurality of bearing sectors are mounted in a housing. Each sector functions as a lobed area in the bearing to obtain the required lubricant film geometry

Evaluation criteria for commercially oriented materials processing in space proposals

An approach and criteria for evaluating NASA funded experiments and demonstrations which have commercial potential were developed. Methods for insuring quick initial screening of commercial proposals are presented. Recommendations are given for modifying the current evaluation approach. New criteria for evaluating commercially orientated materials processing in space (MPS) proposals are introduced. The process for selection of qualified individuals to evaluate the phases of this approach and criteria is considered and guidelines are set for its implementation

Planning Guide Outdoor Recreation Facilities

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James Sharp, Archbishop of St. Andrews, and the restoration of episcopacy in Scotland

At the close of the Parliament of 1663 the stage was set for the struggle which ended in a compromise settlement after the revolution of 1688, when both monarchy and church had given up their absolutist claims. The effective resistance to the settlement was carried on by the Protesters, and Sharp was not wrong in his opinion that very few Resolutioners would refuse to accept episcopacy. He is reported to have told the King that not twenty of them would oppose the new establishment. There was some exaggeration in the statement, for, according to an authority with strong covenanting sympathies the actual number was forty; but that is not a very large proportion of some six or seven hundred ministers. They included, however, the majority of the leading and most respected men of the party. They were the older men who had taken an active part in all proceedings since 1637, and there seems to have been a widespread reaction against the Covenant in the ranks of the younger ministers: With the Protesters, on the other hand, it was the young men who were the most zealous, and and many of the older ministers were submissive.4 That there was a strong reaction among the general population also is clear, and even some of those who had been zealous for the Covenant had become doubtful of its wisdom and unable to justify it entirely. Alexander Brodie of Brodie and Alexander Jaffrey, both of whom had been prominent covenanters, discussed the subject in June 1662. They agreed that there were some things in the Covenant unlawful, and they were bound to repent of this, that, as God's name was interposed, it was not to be broken lightly, but were it to swear again it would stumble many, seeing what had ensued. Brodie's position with regard to episcopacy was that he disliked the change but he would be obedient to the laws. Jaffrey had become a quaker.The King had expressed his intention of employing moderate men to carry out the church settlement. Sharp also declared himself to be in favour of moderation, and at the first appearance of opposition he had told Lauderdale that he was prepared to wait with patience to give men time "to make the retreat with credit." Some men who had at first resisted did conform; but it was of no avail to give time to men who were ready to sacrifice everything for the sake of conscience. Since about two thirds of the Population acquiesced in episcopacy, it had not been anticipated that it would be so difficult to suppress the resistance of the rest. The act of Glasgow was much blamed for the troubles by the supporters of the government, and their opponents agreed with them. The historian, Kirkton, wrote in justification of the ministers who left their congregations without waiting to be ejected, "Had they stayed till they had been turned out forcibly one by one, and their places planted immediately, as Bishop Sharp designed, the change had never been so sensible, nor the opposition to Bishops so considerable; whereas Providence made the course ministers took the first act of clear opposition to that course, by the alienation it made upon the people, and the break it made upon the country, the bishops and all their might was never able to heal."Sharp's policy was the same as that of Clarendon and the the English bishops in England, the.strict enforcement of the law, but this policy he was never able to carry out. His letters, and those of Alexander Burnet, Archbishop of Glasgow, to Lauderdale and Sheldon are full of complaints that they did not receive the help they should have had from the other members of the Privy Council. There was much discontent among the Scottish nobility, who often showed their dissatisfaction with the government and their dislike of the bishops by neglecting to take effective action to restrain disorders. Sharp seems to have been proved right by the fact that the policy of leniency tried by Lauderdale after the Pentland rising was a failure and Lauderdale founds it necessary to adopt repressive measures once again. Robert Leighton, Bishop of Dunblane, whose great desire was for reconciliation, found the explanation of the fact government's failure in the fact that there was too great rigour on the one hand and top many relaxations and indulgences on the other. He blamed also the cessation of kirk sessions and presbyteries from January to October 1662, which meant a relaxation of discipline for that period, and also the "fatal act of Glasgow".For Sharp the only possible policy was the enforcement of the law, for he could not conciliate the presbyterians, who regarded him as a traitor to the Kirk of Scotland, to the Covenant and his own convictions. It seems most probable, however, that so long as episcopacy was maintained nothing would have prevented the extremists from resisting the law. The real reason of the government's failure was the self sacrificing zeal and fanaticism of the Protesters of the west.There can be little doubt that Sharp was betraying his colleagues in the early months of 1661. It seems improbable, however, that he Was betraying his own convictions. Tre fact that the covenanting movement produced in him its traitor may be regarded as a.just retribution for the intolerance which compelled many men to live lives of dissimulation. Like many others,Sharp had in his youth been accept the Covenant and presbytery or give up his means of livelihood and his career. That he subscribed the National Covenant after Charles I had ratified it was not inconsistent with the principles in which he had been educated by the Aberdeen doctors, who did not consider presbytery unlawful, but, if he was to satisfy his ambition to succeed, or even be certain of keeping his position, he must conceal any episcopalian tendencies he may have retained and obey unquestioningly the decisions of the General Assembly. When divisions arose in'the church he naturally joined the moderate party, and he found no difficulty in maintaining loyalty to them during the commonwealth. As agent of both Monck and the Resolutioners he had to try and reconcile two loyalties. It soon seems to have become clear to him that the aim of the Resolutioners to bring in the King on Covenant terms was impracticable and that, if they continued to insist upon it, they were likely to destroy all possibility of retaining the presbyterian settlement in Scotland. He was not completely frank with them, for he did not let them know that Lauderdale and he were encouraging the English presbyterians to accept an accommodation with episcopacy. If he had done so he would have had no further influence with them, and he would not have been able to perform the services desired of him by Monck, Lauderdale and the King.There is, however, no reason to believe that he was not then co-operating loyally with Lauderdale to bring about the presbyterian settlement which Lauderdale desired. The settlement contemplated would doubtless have involved a managed General Assembly subservient to the state, but probably it would have been accepted by the Resolutioners in their anxiety to prove that presbytery was consistent with monarchy. In any case they did not really want a free Assembly, for they wished to exclude the Protesters. It would have been a more satisfactory settlement. There would have been trouble with the Protesters, the majority of whom would have been deposed, but the opposition would have appeared less reasonable and would have been less widespread and, therefore, more easily dealt with. The episcopalians would still have been persecuted, but, as they were less fanatical than the Protesters they would have suffered less, and they might have been provided with livings in England.In spite of rumours. to the contrary it seems probable enough that Sharp was still working loyally with Lauderdale until the end of the year, for everything he wrote at this time and everything that is reported of his words and actions is quite consistent with this theory. He seems to have been able to persuade the moderate presbyterians to make no mention of the Solemn League and Covenant and to have been trying to bring them to the point of repudiating the General Assembly's attitude to the Engagement of 1648, on the ground that they were carried away by the extremists. He was apparently not completely successful in this, and Middleton seems to have convinced him in January 1661 that the King was not able to trust the presbyterians to the extent of granting them a General Assembly and that the establishment of episcopacy was inevitable. Sharp then entered wholeheartedly into Middleton's plans, at the same time trying to retain the confidence of Lauderdale and win him over to the episcopal solution.His co-operation with Middleton involved him in treachery to his colleagues, who, as Robert Baillie wrote, trusted him as their own souls. He realised fully what it meant to them, as is shown by his assertion to Patrick Drummond that he would not be accessory to bringing in bishops, or even constant moderators, because of the suffering it would cause to many. Nevertheless he decided to betray his friends in order to realise his ambition. In so doing he entered upon a life of unremitting toil,in which he experienced much disappointment and many humiliations, and which ended in his cruel murder by some of the most extreme and desperate fanatics whom he was oppressing. He would have been happier if, in accordance with the intention he expressed, probably not sincerely, to Patrick Drummond, he had retired from public life in the spring of 1661. and devoted himself to the duties of his professorship at St. Andrews, where he might have lived a useful and honoured life.From the point of view of the episcopalian church Sharp's appointment as Archbishop was probably a mistake. It was no doubt due to the great ability and experience which made his services invaluable to the unscrupulous men who governed the country, but owing to the prejudice created by his treachery it tended to defeat the aims of those who wished to win over the more moderate Presbyterians by methods of conciliation

Small quantity production of complex chromium alloy sheet /Cr-7Mo-2Ta-0.09C-0.1Y/ Final report

Fabrication of Cr-Mo-Ta-C-Y alloy shee

RTCC requirements for mission G - Trajectory computers for TLI and MCC processors, part 1 Final report

Functional properties of trajectory computers for translunar injection and midcourse correction procedures on lunar orbit

Time, action and psychosis: using subjective time to investigate the effects of ketamine on sense of agency

Sense of agency refers to the experience of initiating and controlling actions in order to influence events in the outside world. A disturbed sense of agency is found in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders, most notably schizophrenia. Sense of agency is associated with a subjective compression of time: actions and their outcomes are perceived as bound together in time. This is known as ‘intentional binding’ and, in healthy adults, depends partly on advance prediction of action outcomes. Notably, this predictive contribution is disrupted in patients with schizophrenia. In the present study we aimed to characterise the psychotomimetic effect of ketamine, a drug model for psychosis, on the predictive contribution to intentional binding. It was shown that ketamine produced a disruption that closely resembled previous data from patients in the early, prodromal, stage of schizophrenic illness. These results are discussed in terms of established models of delusion formation in schizophrenia. The link between time and agency, more generally, is also considered

Modeling hydrodynamic self-propulsion with Stokesian Dynamics. Or teaching Stokesian Dynamics to swim

We develop a general framework for modeling the hydrodynamic self-propulsion (i.e., swimming) of bodies (e.g., microorganisms) at low Reynolds number via Stokesian Dynamics simulations. The swimming body is composed of many spherical particles constrained to form an assembly that deforms via relative motion of its constituent particles. The resistance tensor describing the hydrodynamic interactions among the individual particles maps directly onto that for the assembly. Specifying a particular swimming gait and imposing the condition that the swimming body is force- and torque-free determine the propulsive speed. The body’s translational and rotational velocities computed via this methodology are identical in form to that from the classical theory for the swimming of arbitrary bodies at low Reynolds number. We illustrate the generality of the method through simulations of a wide array of swimming bodies: pushers and pullers, spinners, the Taylor=Purcell swimming toroid, Taylor’s helical swimmer, Purcell’s three-link swimmer, and an amoeba-like body undergoing large-scale deformation. An open source code is a part of the supplementary material and can be used to simulate the swimming of a body with arbitrary geometry and swimming gait

Evaluation of electrode shape and nondestructive evaluation method for welded solar cell interconnects

Resistance welds of solar cell interconnect tabs were evaluated. Both copper-silver and silver-silver welds were made with various heat inputs and weld durations. Parallel gap and annular gap weld electrode designs were used. The welds were analyzed by light microscope, electron microprobe and scanning laser acoustic microscope. These analyses showed the size and shape of the weld, the relationship between the acoustic micrographs, the visible electrode footprint, and the effect of electrode misalignment. The effect of weld heat input on weld microstructure was also shown

Reducing smoking in adolescents: cost-effectiveness results from the cluster randomized ASSIST (A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial)

Introduction: School-based smoking prevention programmes can be effective, but evidence on cost-effectiveness is lacking. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of a school-based “peer-led” intervention.<p></p> Methods: We evaluated the ASSIST (A Stop Smoking In Schools Trial) programme in a cluster randomized controlled trial. The ASSIST programme trained students to act as peer supporters during informal interactions to encourage their peers not to smoke. Fifty-nine secondary schools in England and Wales were randomized to receive the ASSIST programme or usual smoking education. Ten thousand seven hundred and thirty students aged 12–13 years attended participating schools. Previous work has demonstrated that the ASSIST programme achieved a 2.1% (95% CI = 0%–4.2%) reduction in smoking prevalence. We evaluated the public sector cost, prevalence of weekly smoking, and cost per additional student not smoking at 24 months.<p></p> Results: The ASSIST programme cost of £32 (95% CI = £29.70–£33.80) per student. The incremental cost per student not smoking at 2 years was £1,500 (95% CI = £669–£9,947). Students in intervention schools were less likely to believe that they would be a smoker at age 16 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.66–0.96).<p></p> Conclusions: A peer-led intervention reduced smoking among adolescents at a modest cost. The intervention is cost-effective under realistic assumptions regarding the extent to which reductions in adolescent smoking lead to lower smoking prevalence and/or earlier smoking cessation in adulthood. The annual cost of extending the intervention to Year 8 students in all U.K. schools would be in the region of £38 million and could result in 20,400 fewer adolescent smokers.<p></p&gt