Shear flow in bends

October 1955Errata sheet inserted in frontAt head of title: Shear flow in bendsIncludes bibliographical references (page 12)Turbulent end wall boundary layers in the hub region of axial compressor blade rows have been studied in the Gas Turbine Laboratory. Both analytical and experimental work are presented. An attempt was made to predict the growth of the boundary layer momentum thickness as it passes through a cascade of blades using the momentum integral equation and several assumptions This calculation was compared with measurements taken along an assumed free streamline in a stationary cascade of blades supplied with an artificially skewed inlet boundary layer. From this comparison, the relative influence of individual terms in the momentum integral equation is deduced. The effects of inlet skewing and cross flow in the boundary layer in the region between blades is described. Two methods of representing main and cross flow velocity profiles are compared with experimental data.Under the sponsorship of: Office of Naval Research Contract N5ori 0784

ENERGETIC COSTS AND STRATEGIES OF POST‐JUVENAL MOLT IN AN EQUATORIAL BIRD, THE RUFOUS‐COLLARED SPARROW (ZONOTRICHIA CAPENSIS)

Abstract  ∙ Many tropical birds have slow‐paced life history strategies, exhibiting lower metabolic rates, reduced annual investment in reproduction, and longer lifespans relative to birds at higher latitudes. Life history strategies have been relatively well documented in adult individuals in the tropics, but we know comparatively little about the immature life history stage. Here we examine strategies of feather replacement (molt) and fattening in immature Rufous‐collared Sparrows (Zonotrichia capensis) in a high elevation equatorial population, following a parallel, previous study on an arctic congener, the White‐crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). In captivity, Rufous‐ collared Sparrows incurred energetic costs of experimentally induced feather growth, similar to those previously described for Zonotrichia at higher latitudes. In contrast, free‐ranging immature Rufous‐collared Sparrows in natural molt had fat stores that declined over time, opposite to patterns evident in arctic Zonotrichia that fatten before migration. Equatorial birds in good condition molted more heavily (controlling for fat stores), suggesting that body condition limits the intensity of molt. Heavily molting equatorial sparrows also had lower amounts of fat (controlling for body condition), suggesting a trade‐off between allocation of resources to fat stores versus feather growth. Molt progressed slowly in Rufous‐collared Sparrows relative to previously described patterns in their arctic congener, which is concordant with a slower pace‐of‐life syndrome in tropical, as compared with high latitude, birds. Resumen ∙ Costos energéticos y estrategias de muda post‐juvenil en un ave ecuatorial, el Chingolo (Zonotrichia capensis) Muchas especies de aves tropicales presentan historias de vida lenta, exhibiendo bajas tasas metabólicas, esfuerzo reproductivo anual reducido, y mayor longevidad que las especies que habitan en latitudes más altas. La variación en historia de vida en especies tropicales ha sido bien documentada para individuos adultos, pero sabemos comparativa‐ mente poco de los individuos inmaduros. Aquí estudiamos las estrategias de muda y deposición de grasa en individuos inmaduros de Chingolo (Zonotrichia capensis) en una población ecuatorial de altura y comparamos los resultados con un estudio similar realizado en una población ártica del congénere Chingolo Coroniblanco (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). En cautiverio, individuos juveniles de Z. capensis incurrieron costos energéticos debidos a la muda inducida, similar lo encontrado en Z. leucophrys gambelii. En contraste, Z. capensis inmaduros mudando en libertad presentaron depósitos de grasa que disminuyeron a lo largo del tiempo, lo opuesto a Z. l. gambelii, que deposita más grasa antes de migrar. Z. capensis inmaduros en buen estado nutricional (controlando por diferencias en deposición de grasa) mudaron de manera más intensa, lo que sugiere que el estado nutricional limita la muda. Individuos inmaduros de Z. capensis mudando de manera intensa presentaron menor cantidad de grasa depositada (controlando por diferencias en estado nutricional), lo que sugiere un balance entre la deposición de grasa y la muda. La muda fue más lenta en la población ecuatorial de Z. capensis comparado con la de Z. l. gambelii, lo que concuerda con lo esperado debido a la historia de vida más lenta en aves tropicales

Neurophysiology

Contains research objectives and summary of research on sixteen research projects.National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 TO1 EY00090-03)National Institutes of Health (Grant 3 RO1 EY01149-03S1)Bell Laboratories (Grant)National Institutes of Health (Grant 5 RO1 NS12307-02)National Institutes of Health (Grant K04 NS00010

Empirical Legal Studies Before 1940: A Bibliographic Essay

The modern empirical legal studies movement has well-known antecedents in the law and society and law and economics traditions of the latter half of the 20th century. Less well known is the body of empirical research on legal phenomena from the period prior to World War II. This paper is an extensive bibliographic essay that surveys the English language empirical legal research from approximately 1940 and earlier. The essay is arranged around the themes in the research: criminal justice, civil justice (general studies of civil litigation, auto accident litigation and compensation, divorce, small claims, jurisdiction and procedure, civil juries), debt and bankruptcy, banking, appellate courts, legal needs, legal profession (including legal education), and judicial staffing and selection. Accompanying the essay is an extensive bibliography of research articles, books, and reports

Major flaws in conflict prevention policies towards Africa : the conceptual deficits of international actors’ approaches and how to overcome them

Current thinking on African conflicts suffers from misinterpretations oversimplification, lack of focus, lack of conceptual clarity, state-centrism and lack of vision). The paper analyses a variety of the dominant explanations of major international actors and donors, showing how these frequently do not distinguish with sufficient clarity between the ‘root causes’ of a conflict, its aggravating factors and its triggers. Specifically, a correct assessment of conflict prolonging (or sustaining) factors is of vital importance in Africa’s lingering confrontations. Broader approaches (e.g. “structural stability”) offer a better analytical framework than familiar one-dimensional explanations. Moreover, for explaining and dealing with violent conflicts a shift of attention from the nation-state towards the local and sub-regional level is needed.Aktuelle Analysen afrikanischer Gewaltkonflikte sind häufig voller Fehlinterpretationen (Mangel an Differenzierung, Genauigkeit und konzeptioneller Klarheit, Staatszentriertheit, fehlende mittelfristige Zielvorstellungen). Breitere Ansätze (z. B. das Modell der Strukturellen Stabilität) könnten die Grundlage für bessere Analyseraster und Politiken sein als eindimensionale Erklärungen. häufig differenzieren Erklärungsansätze nicht mit ausreichender Klarheit zwischen Ursachen, verschärfenden und auslösenden Faktoren. Insbesondere die richtige Einordnung konfliktverlängernder Faktoren ist in den jahrzehntelangen gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzungen in Afrika von zentraler Bedeutung. Das Diskussionspapier stellt die große Variationsbreite dominanter Erklärungsmuster der wichtigsten internationalen Geber und Akteure gegenüber und fordert einen Perspektivenwechsel zum Einbezug der lokalen und der subregionalen Ebene für die Erklärung und Bearbeitung gewaltsamer Konflikte

In Search of a Trade Mark: Search Practices and Bureaucratic Poetics

Trade marks have been understood as quintessential ‘bureaucratic properties’. This article suggests that the making of trade marks has been historically influenced by bureaucratic practices of search and classification, which in turn were affected by the possibilities and limits of spatial organisation and technological means of access and storage. It shows how the organisation of access and retrieval did not only condition the possibility of conceiving new trade marks, but also served to delineate their intangible proprietary boundaries. Thereby they framed the very meaning of a trade mark. By advancing a historical analysis that is sensitive to shifts, both in actual materiality and in the administrative routines of trade mark law, the article highlights the legal form of trade mark as inherently social and materially shaped. We propose a historical understanding of trade mark law that regards legal practice and bureaucratic routines as being co-constitutive of the very legal object itself

The early mathematical education of Ada Lovelace

Ada, Countess of Lovelace, is remembered for a paper published in 1843, which translated and considerably extended an article about the unbuilt Analytical Engine, a general-purpose computer designed by the mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage. Her substantial appendices, nearly twice the length of the original work, contain an account of the principles of the machine, along with a table often described as ‘the first computer program’. In this paper we look at Lovelace's education before 1840, which encompassed older traditions of practical geometry; newer textbooks influenced by continental approaches; wide reading; and a fascination with machinery. We also challenge judgements by Dorothy Stein and by Doron Swade of Lovelace's mathematical knowledge and skills before 1840, which have impacted later scholarly and popular discourse

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN