Wildgänse in Europa : gestern, heute und in Zukunft

In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts haben die Bestände vieler Gänsearten im Westen Europas zugenommen. Aufgrund vorliegender Daten scheint es nicht unrealistisch zu sein, dass die westpaläarktischen Bestände der Bless-, Saat- und Graugänse seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts drastisch abgenommen haben und sich seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf einem relativ niedrigen Niveau stabilisiert und regional verlagert haben. Diese Entwicklung zeigt, dass eine regional positive Bestandsentwicklung bei einer wandernden Vogelart nicht unbedingt mit einer positiven Bestandsentwicklung der Gesamtpopulation verbunden ist, und dass die Einschätzung einer Bestandsentwicklung als positiv oder negativ stark von dem berücksichtigten Zeitraum abhängig ist. Die Daten zeigen auch, dass die Gänsejagdstrecke seit den 1950er Jahren zugenommen hat, während der jährliche Fortpflanzungserfolg bei den meisten arktischen Gänsearten seitdem stetig zurückgegangen ist. Diese Entwicklung lässt befürchten, dass die meisten arktischen Gänsearten in den kommenden Jahren wieder einen Bestandsrückgang zeigen werden.In the second half of the 20th century the populations of the majority of the West-European goose species increased. Based on available data it seems not unrealistic that the western Palearctic population of the White-fronted, Bean and Greylag Goose have decreased dramatically since the middle of the 19th century and have stabilized and shifted within Europe since the middle of the 20th century. This development shows that a regionally positive population development of a migratory bird species not necessarily means that the whole population of the species shows an increasing tendency. At the same time it shows that the assessment of the population development of a species as being positive or negative strongly depends of the considered space of time. Besides the data showed that the goose bag increased since the 1950s, whereas the annual reproductive rate of most goose species over the same period declined steadily. This development feeds the fear that the numbers of most arctic goose species could decline again in the coming years

Antiprädationsverhalten von Weißwangengänsen auf Kolguyev und Svalbard

Auch in den arktischen Brutgebieten sind Wildgänse und ihre Brut durch Fressfeinde wie den Eisfuchs (Alopex lagopus) oder die Eismöwe (Larus hyperboreus) gefährdet. In diesem Bericht wird am Beispiel von Weißwangengänsen (Branta leucopsis) das Verhalten der Vermeidung von Prädation auf Svalbard mit dem der auf Kolguyev brütenden Artgenossen untersucht. Die Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten werden diskutiert.On the breeding grounds geese and their broods are threatened by predators like polar foxes (Alopex lagopus) or Glacous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus). In this review we compare antipredation behaviour of breeding and broad rearing Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis) on Svalbard and Kolguev. Similarities and differences are presented and discussed

Targeting a Subpocket in Trypanosoma brucei Phosphodiesterase B1 (TbrPDEB1) Enables the Structure-Based Discovery of Selective Inhibitors with Trypanocidal Activity

Several trypanosomatid cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) possess a unique, parasite-specific cavity near the ligand-binding region that is referred to as the P-pocket. One of these enzymes, Trypanosoma brucei PDE B1 (TbrPDEB1), is considered a drug target for the treatment of African sleeping sickness. Here, we elucidate the molecular determinants of inhibitor binding and reveal that the P-pocket is amenable to directed design. By iterative cycles of design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation and by elucidating the structures of inhibitor-bound TbrPDEB1, hPDE4B, and hPDE4D complexes, we have developed 4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydrophthalazinones as the first selective TbrPDEB1 inhibitor series. Two of these, 8 (NPD-008) and 9 (NPD-039), were potent (Ki = 100 nM) TbrPDEB1 inhibitors with antitrypanosomal effects (IC50 = 5.5 and 6.7 ?M, respectively). Treatment of parasites with 8 caused an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and severe disruption of T. brucei cellular organization, chemically validating trypanosomal PDEs as therapeutic targets in trypanosomiasis

The Influence of Number and Timing of Pregnancies on Breast Cancer Risk for Women With BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations

Background: Full-term pregnancy (FTP) is associated with a reduced breast cancer (BC) risk over time, but women are at increased BC risk in the immediate years following an FTP. No large prospective studies, however, have examined whether the number and timing of pregnancies are associated with BC risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Methods: Using weighted and time-varying Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated whether reproductive events are associated with BC risk for mutation carriers using a retrospective cohort (5707 BRCA1 and 3525 BRCA2 mutation carriers) and a prospective cohort (2276 BRCA1 and 1610 BRCA2 mutation carriers), separately for each cohort and the combined prospective and retrospective cohort. Results: For BRCA1 mutation carriers, there was no overall association with parity compared with nulliparity (combined hazard ratio [HRc] ¼ 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] ¼ 0.83 to 1.18). Relative to being uniparous, an increased number of FTPs was associated with decreased BC risk (HRc¼ 0.79, 95% CI ¼ 0.69 to 0.91; HRc¼ 0.70, 95% CI ¼ 0.59 to 0.82; HRc¼ 0.50, 95% CI ¼ 0.40 to 0.63, for 2, 3, and 4 FTPs, respectively, Ptrend < .0001) and increasing duration of breastfeeding was associated with decreased BC risk (combined cohort Ptrend ¼ .0003). Relative to being nulliparous, uniparous BRCA1 mutation carriers were at increased BC risk in the prospective analysis (prospective hazard ration [HRp] ¼ 1.69, 95% CI ¼ 1.09 to 2.62). For BRCA2 mutation carriers, being parous was associated with a 30% increase in BC risk (HRc ¼ 1.33, 95% CI ¼ 1.05 to 1.69), and there was no apparent decrease in risk associated with multiparity except for having at least 4 FTPs vs. 1 FTP (HRc¼ 0.72, 95% CI ¼ 0.54 to 0.98). Conclusions: These findings suggest differential associations with parity between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with higher risk for uniparous BRCA1 carriers and parous BRCA2 carriers

La réécriture symboliste de "La Montagne de verre" ou le destin du conte dans la littérature de la Jeune Pologne

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

CUSPER-based demonstration of detachment and re-attachment of bacterial cells at the agarose-water interface.

<p>Plotted is the mean GFP content of CUSPER cells in a single cluster as a function of the size of that cluster, either as observed on the agarose surface (A) or collected from the liquid in contact with that surface (B). Each diamond represents a cluster for which GFP content and cluster size was recorded at t = 0 h (closed diamonds) or t = 6 h (open diamonds). GFP fluorescence and cluster size were measured by image cytometry and normalized to the average value of the population at t = 0 h. The stippled line represents the expected trend for clusters from which no cells ever detach: with each cell division, the log₂(fluorescence ) decreases proportionally with the log₂(cluster size). The blue and red circles in panel A indicate clusters of 1 or 2 cells, respectively, with a GFP content similar to that of the majority of cells in the planktonic phase (panel B, open diamonds).</p

Effect of detachment of cells (probability of 5% after division) on bacterial clustering patterns in combination with effect of water distribution, averaged over 3 replicate simulations.

<p>A) landscape covered by a water film, B) landscape covered by water drops of the same volume, C) landscape covered by water drops of different volumes. Data shown in this figure are available in Excel format (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075633#pone.0075633.s001" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p