Sociología del campesinado salvadoreño (el Compadrazgo)

El Compadrazgo es una institución social de gran vigencia entre los campesinos e indígenas de El Salvador. Sus raíces se encuentran en las culturas precolombinas y en la cultura española. Se establece con la conquista y colonia por medio de la encomienda y repartimiento y se extiende hasta el presente como una de las relaciones sociales más profundas. Utilizando la investigación de campo a base de entrevistas y cuestionarios y los libros parroquiales de bautismo, procesando sus datos por medio de la computadora, el análisis de todos estos datos confirman las hipótesis y los datos documentales e históricos. Además de la investigación de campo se investigó en el Archivo General de Indias y Bibliotecas

Spanish national registry of major osteoporotic fractures (REFRA) seen at fracture liaison services (FLS). Objectives and quality standards

REFRA-FLS is a new registry in Spain aimed at identifying individuals over 50 years of age with a fragility fracture. Using this registry, we found hip fracture is the most prevalent fracture. Treatment for osteoporosis was 87.7%, with 65.3% adherence. REFRA-FLS provides fundamental data in the study of fragility fractures. Purpose: fragility fractures are a growing public health concern in modern-aged societies. Fracture Liaison Services (FLS) have been shown to successfully lower rates of secondary fractures. A new registry (REFRA-FLS) has been created to monitor quality indicators of FLS units in Spain and to explore the occurrence and characteristic of fragility fractures identified by these centers. Methods: we conducted a prospective cohort study based on fragility fractures recorded in the REFRA-FLS registry. Participants were individuals 50 years or above who suffered a low energy fragility fracture identified by the 10 participating FLS units during the study period. The type of FLS unit, the characteristics of the individuals at baseline, along with patient outcomes as quality indicators among those who completed 1 year of follow-up were analyzed. Results: a total of 2965 patients and 3067 fragility fractures were identified, and the most frequent locations were hip (n = 1709, 55.7%) and spine (n = 492, 16.0%). A total of 43 refractures (4.5%) and 46 deaths (4.9%) were observed among 948 individuals in the follow-up analyses. Time from fracture to evaluation was less than 3 months in 76.7% of individuals. Osteoporosis treatment was prescribed in 87.7%, and adherence was 65.3% in Morisky-Green test. Conclusion: our results provide a comprehensive picture of fragility fractures identified in FLS units from Spain. Overall, quality indicators are satisfactory although a much higher use of DXA would be desirable. As the registry grows with the incorporation of new FLS units and longer follow-up, incoming analyses will provide valuable insight

Contesting criminality

As a field, criminology has paid insufficient attention to societal processes that obscure the distinction between legality and illegality, decriminalize formerly objectionable behavior or redefine law-breakers as deserving members of society. An analysis of undocumented immigrants’ efforts to redefine themselves as legal residents highlights ways that the category of the criminal is rendered unstable, suggests that logics of social control create opportunities to challenge exclusion and shows how law and illegality are entangled. For instance, individuals who are deemed socially dangerous can argue that they are low risk, or can redefine risk, highlighting the social costs of situating offenders exclusively in a domain of illegitimacy. Through such arguments, the licit can seep into and reconstitute the illegal, and vice versa. © 2005, Sage Publications. All rights reserved