Neopaleozoic striated surfaces in the granitic basement and clast pavement remains of Salto, SP

Near Guaraú Ceramic, localized southwest of Salto city in the State of São Paulo, two granite outcrops, distant some tens of meters from each other, display Neopaleozoic striated surfaces. These surfaces are in contact with diamictites from the Itararé Subgroup. The striae correspond to sub parallel grooves with millimetric spacing and depth, oriented about N48E and dipping 12° to 42° towards SE. Observed features and association with diamictites indicate an origin by glacial abrasion due to ice movement from southeast towards northwest. About 1.8 km east of Salto, unconsolidated material containing flat-iron-shaped and striated clasts was found on top of granite outcrops, interpreted as clast pavement remains.Nas proximidades da Cerâmica Guaraú, localizada a sudoeste da cidade de Salto, Estado de São Paulo, dois afloramentos de granito, distantes algumas dezenas de metros um do outro, exibem superfícies estriadas neopaleozóicas. Essas superfícies estão em contato com diamictitos do Subgrupo Itararé. As estrias correspondem a sulcos subparalelos com espaçamento e profundidade milimétrica, possuindo uma direção média de N48°W e mergulhos variando entre 12° e 42° para SE. As feições observadas e a sua associação com diamictitos indicam uma origem por abrasão glacial devido ao movimento de massas de gelo de sudeste para noroeste. A aproximadamente 1,8 km a este da cidade de Salto foi encontrado, no topo de afloramentos de granito, material inconsolidado contendo abundantes clastos de quartzito facetados e estriados. Esses clastos foram interpretados como vestígios de um pavimento de castos.621172

The Proterozoic Vazante hypogene zinc silicate district, Minas Gerais, Brazil: a review of the ore system applied to mineral exploration

The Proterozoic Vazante zinc silicate district in Minas Gerais, Brazil, hosts world-class hypogene willemite deposits in dolomitic rocks interbedded with siliciclastic rocks deposited in subtidal to supratidal environments. Willemite ore bodies are structurally controlled along regional NE-trending structures which are interpreted as being active during the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano orogeny. The hydrothermal alteration is characterized by an early stage of Fe-dolomite, which replaced the host dolomitic rocks, followed by precipitation of minor sphalerite and then hematite and willemite. Elements commonly enriched in the zinc ore include As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Fe, Ge, In, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and W. Mineralogical, fluid inclusion and isotopic data indicates that mixing of S-poor metalliferous saline fluids with meteoric water favored the formation of willemite ore. Carbonaceous phyllites from the underlying thick siliciclastic sequence show evidence of early enrichment in zinc (and ore-related metals) and remobilization, respectively, prior to and during the Brasiliano orogenic event. This unit is interpreted as a possible source of ore-related elements. It is proposed that during the Brasiliano orogeny, hot (T > 170 degrees C) saline fluids (>15 wt % eq. NaCl) leached metals from siliciclastic source rocks and precipitated willemite ore in the overlying dolomitic sequence along structures that favored mixing with oxidizing meteoric water

Composition and source of salinity of ore-bearing fluids in Cu-Au systems of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil

The composition and Cl/Br – Na/Cl ratios of highly saline aqueous fluid inclusions from large tonnage (> 100 t) IOCG deposits (Sossego, Alvo 118, and Igarapé Bahia) and a Paleoproterozoic intrusion-related Cu-Au- (Mo-W-Bi-Sn) deposit (Breves; < 50 Mt)) in the Carajás Mineral Province have been analysed by LA-ICP-MS and ion chromatography. In both Cu-Au systems, brine inclusions are Ca-dominated (5 to 10 times more than in porphyry Cu-Au fluids), and contain percent level concentrations of Na and K. IOCG inclusion fluids, however, contain higher Sr, Ba, Pb, and Zn\ud concentrations, but significantly less Bi, than inclusions\ud from the intrusion-related Breves deposit. Cu is consistently below detection limits in brine inclusions from\ud the IOCG and intrusion-related systems, with Fe not detected in the latter. Cl/Br and Na/Cl ratios of the IOCG\ud inclusion fluids range from entirely evaporative brines\ud (bittern fluids; e.g. Igarapé Bahia and Alvo 118) to values\ud that indicate mixing with magma-derived brines. Cl/Br and Na/Cl ratios of the Breves inclusion fluids strongly suggest the involvement of magmatic brines, but possibly\ud also incorporated bittern fluids. Collectively, these data\ud demonstrate that residual evaporative and magmatic brines were important components of the fluid regime involved in the formation of Cu-Au systems in the Carajás Mineral Province

Neopaleozoic striated surfaces in the granitic basement and clast pavement remains of Salto, SP

Nas proximidades da Cerâmica Guaraú, localizada a sudoeste da cidade de Salto, Estado de São Paulo, dois afloramentos de granito, distantes algumas dezenas de metros um do outro, exibem superfícies estriadas neopaleozóicas. Essas superfícies estão em contato com diamictitos do Subgrupo Itararé. As estrias correspondem a sulcos subparalelos com espaçamento e profundidade milimétrica, possuindo uma direção média de N48oW e mergulhos variando entre 12o e 42o para SE. As feições observadas e a sua associação com diamictitos indicam uma origem por abrasão glacial devido ao movimento de massas de gelo de sudeste para noroeste. A aproximadamente 1,8 km a este da cidade de Salto foi encontrado, no topo de afloramentos de granito, material inconsolidado contendo abundantes clastos de quartzito facetados e estriados. Esses clastos foram interpretados como vestígios de um pavimento de castos.Near Guaraú Ceramic, localized southwest of Salto city in the State of São Paulo, two granite outcrops, distant some tens of meters from each other, display Neopaleozoic striated surfaces. These surfaces are in contact with diamictites from the Itararé Subgroup. The striae correspond to sub parallel grooves with millimetric spacing and depth, oriented about N48E and dipping 12° to 42° towards SE. Observed features and association with diamictites indicate an origin by glacial abrasion due to ice movement from southeast towards northwest. About 1.8 km east of Salto, unconsolidated material containing flat-iron-shaped and striated clasts was found on top of granite outcrops, interpreted as clast pavement remains

Neopaleozoic striated surfaces in the granitic basement and clast pavement remains of Salto, SP

Nas proximidades da Cerâmica Guaraú, localizada a sudoeste da cidade de Salto, Estado de São Paulo, dois afloramentos de granito, distantes algumas dezenas de metros um do outro, exibem superfícies estriadas neopaleozóicas. Essas superfícies estão em contato com diamictitos do Subgrupo Itararé. As estrias correspondem a sulcos subparalelos com espaçamento e profundidade milimétrica, possuindo uma direção média de N48oW e mergulhos variando entre 12o e 42o para SE. As feições observadas e a sua associação com diamictitos indicam uma origem por abrasão glacial devido ao movimento de massas de gelo de sudeste para noroeste. A aproximadamente 1,8 km a este da cidade de Salto foi encontrado, no topo de afloramentos de granito, material inconsolidado contendo abundantes clastos de quartzito facetados e estriados. Esses clastos foram interpretados como vestígios de um pavimento de castos.Near Guaraú Ceramic, localized southwest of Salto city in the State of São Paulo, two granite outcrops, distant some tens of meters from each other, display Neopaleozoic striated surfaces. These surfaces are in contact with diamictites from the Itararé Subgroup. The striae correspond to sub parallel grooves with millimetric spacing and depth, oriented about N48E and dipping 12° to 42° towards SE. Observed features and association with diamictites indicate an origin by glacial abrasion due to ice movement from southeast towards northwest. About 1.8 km east of Salto, unconsolidated material containing flat-iron-shaped and striated clasts was found on top of granite outcrops, interpreted as clast pavement remains

Paleoproterozoic high-sulfidation mineralization in the Tapajo´s gold province, Amazonian Craton, Brazil: geology, mineralogy, alunite argon age, and stable-isotope constraints

The Brazilian Tapajós gold province contains the first evidence of high-sulfidation gold mineralization in the Amazonian Craton. The mineralization appears to be in large nested calderas. The Tapajós–Parima (or Ventuari–Tapajo´ s) geological province consists of a metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary sequence formed during a 2.10 to 1.87 Ga ocean ̶ continent orogeny. The high-sulfidation mineralization with magmatic-hydrothermal alunite is related to hydrothermal breccias hosted in a rhyolitic volcanic ring complex that contains granitic stocks ranging in age from 1.89 to 1.87 Ga. Cone-shaped hydrothermal breccias, which flare upward, contain vuggy silica and have an overlying brecciated cap of massive silica; the deposits are located in the uppermost part of a ring-structure volcanic cone. Drill cores of one of the hydrothermal breccias contain alunite, natroalunite, pyrophyllite, andalusite, quartz, rutile, diaspore, woodhouseite–svanbergite, kaolinite, and pyrite along with inclusions of enargite–luzonite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and covellite. The siliceous core of this alteration center is surrounded by advanced argillic and argillic alteration zones that grade outward into large areas of propylitically altered rocks with sericitic alteration assemblages at depth. Several occurrences and generations of alunite are observed. Alunite is disseminated in the advanced argillic haloes that envelop massive and vuggy silica or that underlie the brecciated silica cap. Coarse-grained alunite also occurs in branching veins and locally is partly replaced by a later generation of fine-grained alunite. Silicified hydrothermal breccias associated with the alunite contain an estimated reserve of 30 tonnes of gold in rock that grades up to 4.5 g t ̶ 1 Au. Seven alunite samples gave 40Ar/39Ar ages of 1.869 to 1.846 Ga, with various degrees of apparent minor Ar loss. Stable isotopic data require a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the alunite, typical for high-sulfidation mineralization. The δ34S values of most samples of alunite range from 14.0%◦ to 36.9%◦. Sulfur isotopic alunite–pyrite and oxygen isotopic alunite SO4 ̶ OH temperatures range from 130 to 420 °C. The δDH2 O and δ18OH2 O values for alunite-forming hydrothermal fluids suggest

The Proterozoic Vazante hypogene zinc silicate district, Minas Gerais, Brazil: a review of the ore system applied to mineral exploration

The Proterozoic Vazante zinc silicate district in Minas Gerais, Brazil, hosts world-class hypogene willemite deposits in dolomitic rocks interbedded with siliciclastic rocks deposited in subtidal to supratidal environments. Willemite ore bodies are structurally controlled along regional NE-trending structures which are interpreted as being active during the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano orogeny. The hydrothermal alteration is characterized by an early stage of Fe-dolomite, which replaced the host dolomitic rocks, followed by precipitation of minor sphalerite and then hematite and willemite. Elements commonly enriched in the zinc ore include As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Fe, Ge, In, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and W. Mineralogical, fluid inclusion and isotopic data indicates that mixing of S-poor metalliferous saline fluids with meteoric water favored the formation of willemite ore. Carbonaceous phyllites from the underlying thick siliciclastic sequence show evidence of early enrichment in zinc (and ore-related metals) and remobilization, respectively, prior to and during the Brasiliano orogenic event. This unit is interpreted as a possible source of ore-related elements. It is proposed that during the Brasiliano orogeny, hot (T > 170 degrees C) saline fluids (>15 wt % eq. NaCl) leached metals from siliciclastic source rocks and precipitated willemite ore in the overlying dolomitic sequence along structures that favored mixing with oxidizing meteoric water

Metallogenetic systems associated with granitoid magmatism in the Amazonian Craton: An overview of the present level of understanding and exploration significance

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOThe Amazonian Craton hosts world-class metallogenic provinces with a wide range of styles of primary precious, rare, base metal, and placer deposits. This paper provides a synthesis of the geological database with regard to granitoid magmatic suites, spatio temporal distribution, tectonic settings, and the nature of selected mineral deposits. The Archean Carajas Mineral Province comprises greenstone belts (3.04 2.97 Ga), metavolcanic-sedimentary units (2.76-2.74 Ga), granitoids (3.07-2.84 Ga) formed in a magmatic arc and syn-collisional setting, post-orogenic A(2)-type granites as well as gabbros (ca. 2.74 Ga), and anorogenic granites (1.88 Ga). Archean iron oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits were synchronous or later than bimodal magmatism (2.74-2.70 Ga). Paleoproterozoic IOCG deposits, emplaced at shallow-crustal levels, are enriched with Nb-Y-Sn-Be-U. The latter, as well as Sn-W and Au-EGP deposits are coeval with ca. 1.88 Ga A(2)-type granites. The Tapajos Mineral Province includes a low-grade meta-volcano-sedimentary sequence (2.01 Ga), tonalites to granites (2.0-1.87 Ga), two talc-alkaline volcanic sequences (2.0-1.95 Ga to 1.89-1.87 Ga) and A-type rhyolites and granites (1.88 Ga). The talc-alkaline volcanic rocks host epithermal Au and base metal mineralization, whereas Cu-Au and Cu-Mo +/- Au porphyry-type mineralization is associated with sub-volcanic felsic rocks, formed in two continental magmatic arcs related to an accretionary event, resulting from an Andean-type northwards subduction. The Alta Floresta Gold Province consists of Paleoproterozoic plutono-volcanic sequences (1.98-1.75 Ga), generated in ocean ocean orogenies. Disseminated and vein-type Au +/- Cu and Au + base metal deposits are hosted by calc-alkaline I-type granitic intrusions (1.98 Ga, 1.90 Ga, and 1.87 Ga) and quartz-feldspar porphyries (ca. 1.77 Ga). Timing of the gold deposits has been constrained between 1.78 Ga and 1.77 Ga and linked to post-collisional Juruena arc felsic magmatism (e.g., Colider and Teles Pires suites). The Transamazonas Province corresponds to a N-S-trending orogenic belt, consolidated during the Trans amazonian cycle (2.26-1.95 Ga), comprising the Lourenco, Amapa, Carecuru, Bacaja, and Santana do Araguaia tectonic domains. They show a protracted tectonic evolution, and are host to the pre-, syn-, and post-orogenic to anorogenic granitic magmatism. Gold mineralization associated with magmatic events is still unclear. Greisen and pegmatite Sn-Nb-Ta deposits are related to 1.84 to 1.75 Ga late-orogenic to anorogenic A-type granites. The Pitinga Tin Province includes the Madeira Sn-Nb-Ta-F deposit, Sn-greisens and Sn-episyenites. These are associated with A-type granites of the Madeira Suite (1.84 -1.82 Ga), which occur within a cauldron complex (Iricoume Group). The A-type magmatism evolved from a post-collisional extension, towards a within-plate setting. The hydrothermal processes (400 degrees C 100 degrees C) resulted in albitization and formation of disseminated cryolite, pyrochlore columbitization, and formation of a massive cryolite deposit in the core of the Madeira deposit. The Rondonia Tin Province hosts rare-metal (Ta, Nb, Be) and Sn-W mineralization, which is associated with the Sao Lourenco-Caripunas (131-1.30 Ga), related to the post-collisional stage of the Rondonia San Ignacio Province (1.56-1.30 Ga), and to the Santa Clara (1.08-1.07 Ga) and Younger Granites of Rondonia (0.99-0.97 Ga) A type granites. The latter are linked to the evolution of the Sunsas-Aguapel Province (1.20-0.95 Ga). Rare metal polymetallic deposits are associated with late stage peraluminous granites, mainly as greisen, quartz vein, and pegmatite types. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The Amazonian Craton hosts world-class metallogenic provinces with a wide range of styles of primary precious, rare, base metal, and placer deposits. This paper provides a synthesis of the geological database with regard to granitoid magmatic suites, spatio temporal distribution, tectonic settings, and the nature of selected mineral deposits. The Archean Carajas Mineral Province comprises greenstone belts (3.04 2.97 Ga), metavolcanic-sedimentary units (2.76-2.74 Ga), granitoids (3.07-2.84 Ga) formed in a magmatic arc and syn-collisional setting, post-orogenic A(2)-type granites as well as gabbros (ca. 2.74 Ga), and anorogenic granites (1.88 Ga). Archean iron oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits were synchronous or later than bimodal magmatism (2.74-2.70 Ga). Paleoproterozoic IOCG deposits, emplaced at shallow-crustal levels, are enriched with Nb-Y-Sn-Be-U. The latter, as well as Sn-W and Au-EGP deposits are coeval with ca. 1.88 Ga A(2)-type granites. The Tapajos Mineral Province includes a low-grade meta-volcano-sedimentary sequence (2.01 Ga), tonalites to granites (2.0-1.87 Ga), two talc-alkaline volcanic sequences (2.0-1.95 Ga to 1.89-1.87 Ga) and A-type rhyolites and granites (1.88 Ga). The talc-alkaline volcanic rocks host epithermal Au and base metal mineralization, whereas Cu-Au and Cu-Mo +/- Au porphyry-type mineralization is associated with sub-volcanic felsic rocks, formed in two continental magmatic arcs related to an accretionary event, resulting from an Andean-type northwards subduction. The Alta Floresta Gold Province consists of Paleoproterozoic plutono-volcanic sequences (1.98-1.75 Ga), generated in ocean ocean orogenies. Disseminated and vein-type Au +/- Cu and Au + base metal deposits are hosted by calc-alkaline I-type granitic intrusions (1.98 Ga, 1.90 Ga, and 1.87 Ga) and quartz-feldspar porphyries (ca. 1.77 Ga). Timing of the gold deposits has been constrained between 1.78 Ga and 1.77 Ga and linked to post-collisional Juruena arc felsic magmatism (e.g., Colider and Teles Pires suites). The Transamazonas Province corresponds to a N-S-trending orogenic belt, consolidated during the Trans amazonian cycle (2.26-1.95 Ga), comprising the Lourenco, Amapa, Carecuru, Bacaja, and Santana do Araguaia tectonic domains. They show a protracted tectonic evolution, and are host to the pre-, syn-, and post-orogenic to anorogenic granitic magmatism. Gold mineralization associated with magmatic events is still unclear. Greisen and pegmatite Sn-Nb-Ta deposits are related to 1.84 to 1.75 Ga late-orogenic to anorogenic A-type granites. The Pitinga Tin Province includes the Madeira Sn-Nb-Ta-F deposit, Sn-greisens and Sn-episyenites. These are associated with A-type granites of the Madeira Suite (1.84 -1.82 Ga), which occur within a cauldron complex (Iricoume Group). The A-type magmatism evolved from a post-collisional extension, towards a within-plate setting. The hydrothermal processes (400 degrees C 100 degrees C) resulted in albitization and formation of disseminated cryolite, pyrochlore columbitization, and formation of a massive cryolite deposit in the core of the Madeira deposit. The Rondonia Tin Province hosts rare-metal (Ta, Nb, Be) and Sn-W mineralization, which is associated with the Sao Lourenco-Caripunas (131-1.30 Ga), related to the post-collisional stage of the Rondonia San Ignacio Province (1.56-1.30 Ga), and to the Santa Clara (1.08-1.07 Ga) and Younger Granites of Rondonia (0.99-0.97 Ga) A type granites. The latter are linked to the evolution of the Sunsas-Aguapel Province (1.20-0.95 Ga). Rare metal polymetallic deposits are associated with late stage peraluminous granites, mainly as greisen, quartz vein, and pegmatite types682249FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO2009/18371-0; 2013/25659-5; 573733/2008-2; 053/2011308365/2014-3; 481969/2013-6; 472549/2009-0; 405839/2013-8; 550342/2011-