« Maman, comment ça s’écrit mon nom ? »: regards et pratiques en milieux intra et extrascolaire

Spécialisées dans le premier cycle de la scolarité, nous avons effectué une recherche abordant l’entrée dans l’écriture en 1-2H1. Nous nous centrons sur l’intérêt de l’enfant pour l’écrit, mais aussi sur sa pratique régulière. Nous cherchons à connaître d’une part les compétences à acquérir pour débuter cet apprentissage partant que « l’écriture est une représentation de la parole et de la pensée par des signes graphiques conventionnels » (Chauvel & Lagoueyte, 2010, p. 98) et tenant compte que l’enfant, devenant élève, passe par une maturation motrice, puis perceptive pour aboutir à une maturation symbolique (au sens de Fily, 1997). Pour que l’enfant acquière aussi cet apprentissage, il doit différencier les trois domaines de l’activité symbolique (dessin-graphisme-écriture). Grâce à une pratique régulière et conséquente, l’enfant tend à maîtriser certaines caractéristiques graphiques touchant le mouvement du tracé, la tenue de l’outil, la mémorisation de logos, etc. Dans ce cheminement individuel, l’enseignante1 a un rôle à ne pas négliger : elle varie les supports, les outils, mais aussi les dispositifs (Lecture-Ecriture émergente provisoire, Dictée à l’adulte, etc.). Ces différentes activités poussent l’enfant à s’intéresser à l’écrit et à tenter, peu à peu, de transmettre un message par l’écriture émergente. Il essaye aussi d’inventer une graphie pour se marquer comme auteur de son travail. Et tantôt, il marque les lettres de son prénom, puis d’autres mots de son entourage. D’autre part, nous cherchons à découvrir la place et le rôle du prénom de l’élève dans l’apprentissage sachant que l’enfant entrant à l’école navigue entre identité personnelle et identité sociale (Kaufmann, cité par Dubard, 1998) au-travers d’un processus de nouvelle construction identitaire (Erikson, 1993). L’objectif de notre recherche est de découvrir l’impact du prénom dans l’écrit, dans l’apprentissage de l’écriture et des processus qui en découlent. Nous aimerions trouver des pistes d’action que nous pourrons mettre en place dans nos futures classes. Pour réaliser ce travail, nous avons interrogé plusieurs enfants dans le cadre extra- et intrascolaire sur leur prénom dans diverses situations touchant aux aspects cognitifs, moteurs et identitaires

Etude des VIH-1 recombinants en Afrique

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

RNase L Inhibitor Is Induced during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Down Regulates the 2-5A/RNase L Pathway in Human T Cells

The interferon-regulated 2-5A/RNase L pathway plays a major role in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of these cytokines. Several viruses, however, have evolved strategies to escape the antiviral activity of the 2-5A/RNase L pathway. In this context, we have cloned a cDNA coding for the RNase L inhibitor (RLI), a protein that specifically inhibits RNase L and whose regulated expression in picornavirus-infected cells down regulates the activity of the 2-5A/RNase L pathway. We show here that RLI increases during the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, which may be related to the downregulation of RNase L activity that has been described to occur in HIV-infected cells. In order to establish a possible causal relationship between these observations, we have stably transfected H9 cells with RLI sense or antisense cDNA-expressing vectors. The overexpression of RLI causes a decrease in RNase L activity and a twofold enhancement of HIV production. This increase in HIV replication correlates with an increase in HIV RNA and proteins. In contrast, reduction of RLI levels in RLI antisense cDNA-expressing clones reverses the inhibition of RNase L activity associated with HIV multiplication and leads to a threefold decrease in the viral load. This anti-HIV activity correlated with a decrease in HIV RNA and proteins. These findings demonstrate that the level of RLI, via its modulation of RNase L activity, can severely impair HIV replication and suggest the involvement of RLI in the inhibition of the 2-5A/RNase L system observed during HIV infection

Evaluation of thermodynamic data for aqueous Ca-U(VI)-CO3 species under conditions characteristic of geological clay formation

International audienc

Evaluation of Different RNA Extraction Methods and Storage Conditions of Dried Plasma or Blood Spots for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Quantification and PCR Amplification for Drug Resistance Testing▿

The development and validation of dried sample spots as a method of specimen collection are urgently needed in developing countries for monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Our aim was to test some crucial steps in the use of dried spots, i.e., viral recovery and storage over time. Moreover, we investigated whether dried plasma and blood spots (DPS and DBS, respectively) give comparable viral load (VL) results. Four manual RNA extraction methods from commercial HIV type 1 (HIV-1) VL assays—a QIAamp minikit (Qiagen), the Abbott Molecular sample preparation system, the Nuclisens assay (bioMarieux), and High Pure viral nucleic acid kit (Roche Applied Science)—were compared for VL quantification and PCR amplification for genotypic drug resistance testing on dried spots from spiked plasma and residual samples from HIV-1 patients (n = 47; median VL, 4.13 log10 copies/ml). RNA recovery from DPS was efficient using Nuclisens extraction (median difference, 0.03 log10 copies/ml) and slightly underestimated using the Abbott Molecular sample preparation system (median difference, 0.35 log10 copies/ml). PCR amplification results were in concordance. Measurements from DBS overestimated VL for plasma, with VL results showing <3.7 log10 copies/ml. VL was stable for up to 3 months in spiked DPS stored at 20°C but for only 1 month at 37°C. A faster decline was observed in PCR efficiency: DPS could be stored for 1 week at 37°C and for 1 month at 20°C. In conclusion, the RNA extraction method is an important factor in obtaining reliable RNA quantification and PCR amplification of HIV-1 on DPS/DBS. DBS could be used as an alternative for DPS depending on HIV RNA cutoffs for virological failure. VL measurements remain stable over a longer period than do PCR amplification results

Geochemical and mineralogical characterization of streams and wetlands downstream a former uranium mine (Rophin, France)

International audienceThe geochemical distribution of U and associated major and trace elements (As, Li, Pb, Sr, Zn) was studied at the former Rophin U mine (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Three zones of contrasting radiological settings were identified and sampled: a background area (1000 nSv·h−1). Sediment and water samples were collected both in a streambed located in the background area and in the streambed downslope the former mining area, and a soil sample was collected in the wetland downslope. Using both sequential and selective chemical extractions, and quantifying also the chemical reservoirs of As, Li, Pb, Sr, and Zn, it could be concluded that, in the streams, U was mainly bounded to primary ore minerals (phosphates) that were transported through particulate transport. It was also bound, to a lower extent, to clays, Mn oxyhydroxides and organic matter, certainly due to the sorption of aqueous U originating from partial dissolution or leaching of primary ore materials. Ore minerals remaining stable in the stream sediments were certainly included in a quartz matrix and hence were not in accessible for dissolution. In the wetland soil, selective extractions evidenced that U was about evenly distributed between humid/fulvic acids and organic matter unaffected by NH4OH 1M

Desensitization in patients with hypersensitivity to platinum and taxane in gynecological cancers

Abstract Background Exposure to paclitaxel and carboplatin has the risk of developing hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), which could necessitate using less effective treatments to avoid anaphylaxis. Desensitization to platinum and taxane HSRs can be used to complete chemotherapy according to the standard regimen; therefore, this study investigated rates and benefits of successful desensitization in patients with gynecologic cancers (GC). Methods We collected data from 241 patients with GC who had at least one cycle of platinum or taxane chemotherapy. The rate of HSRs and successful desensitization were evaluated, and an outcome analysis was conducted. Results The rate of HSRs to platinum and taxane was 6.39% and 13.07%, respectively. We observed a 100% success rate of desensitization in our cohort. Patients with HSR were significantly younger (57.1 vs. 64.9 years, p = 0.030) in the taxane cohort. Importantly, the overall survival (OS) of patients with platinum and taxane HSRs who underwent desensitization was comparable to that of patients with no HSRs (platinum vs. controls; median OS 60.36 vs. 60.39 months, p = 0.31; taxane vs. controls; OS 80.29 vs. 60.00 months, p = 0.59). Conclusion Thus, we show that desensitization for platinum and taxane HSRs is safe and effective, resulting in an outcome that is well comparable to patients without HSR. Based on these observations, desensitization procedures might be considered as standard of care before switching to less effective treatment for patients with GC