1,842 research outputs found
Labor Relations, Labor Relations Law and Public Policy
Il est assez frappant dans le domaine des sciences sociales, ici au Canada, qu'on ait semblĂ© nĂ©gliger les rĂ©sultats des recherches en relations industrielles, pour l'Ă©laboration de la lĂ©gislation qui gouverne les relations du travail. Les lĂ©gislateurs ont Ă©tĂ© peu enclins Ă introduire dans la loi des modifications suffisamment stables donnant aux gouvernements la libertĂ© d'action requise pour faire face aux conflits industriels.Les analyses thĂ©oriques de l'Ă©conomie ont minimisĂ© l'importance des politiques en matiĂšre de relations industrielles dans une politique Ă©conomique nationale. Les rĂ©sultats pratiques, Ă introduire dans une analyse Ă©conomique d'ensemble, rendent le changement difficile. Il reste encore beaucoup d'analyse Ă faire pour connaĂźtre l'effet de la lĂ©gislation ouvriĂšre sur le marchĂ© du travail ainsi que l'effet des activitĂ©s de ce marchĂ© sur la politique Ă©conomique.La lĂ©gislation ouvriĂšre a ajoutĂ© et mĂȘlĂ© des Ă©lĂ©ments du marchĂ© des relations de travail de telle sorte que le comportement de ce marchĂ© diffĂšre de celui d'un marchĂ© Ă©conomique comme on le conçoit traditionnellement. Principalement, la structure du marchĂ© semble avoir institutionalisĂ© le conflit et limitĂ© la possibilitĂ© d'innover.La lĂ©gislation canadienne semble avoir compartementalisĂ© ses propres activitĂ©s Ă l'intĂ©rieur du marchĂ© du travail de sorte qu'un nombre d'efforts lĂ©gislatifs se poursuivent sur le plan Ă©conomique sans y retrouver une relation entre eux. Les structures syndicales et patronales sont affectĂ©es par l'institutionalisation du conflit que l'on trouve implicitement dans la lĂ©gislation canadienne.Il est nĂ©cessaire d'avoir plus d'Ă©tudes sur la façon dont les marchĂ©s du travail et les relations industrielles devraient ĂȘtre agencĂ©s pour ĂȘtre plus efficaces. Ceci a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© avec un certain succĂšs en Europe, et on retrouve aux Etats-Unis des tentatives dans ce sens. Au Canada, les efforts se sont limitĂ©s Ă l'agencement des exigences gĂ©nĂ©rales des politiques ouvriĂšres Ă l'intĂ©rieur des conclusions tirĂ©es des politiques monĂ©taire et fiscale de notre Ă©conomie.In this address the author explains how and why, legislation in Canada appears to have compartmentalized its own activities within the labour market so that a number of legislative efforts are continued through the economy with little relationship one to the other.** This paper tvas presented at the First Meeting of the Canadian IndustrialRelations Research Institute, held at McGill University, July 6th, 1964
The Task Force Report
Le Rapport Woods est un de plusieurs de son genre Ă ĂȘtre publiĂ© depuis ces derniĂšres annĂ©es : d'autres couvrent la nĂ©gociation dans les services publiques, la nĂ©gociation soumise Ă certaines juridictions provinciales, et la position qu'elle occupe par rapportaux objectifs Ă©conomiques du Canada. Ces rapports discutent beaucoup de points semblables, mais utilisent des approches fort diffĂ©rentes aux points de litige soulevĂ©s par la nĂ©gociation.Le Rapport de l'Ăquipe spĂ©cialisĂ©e en relations du travail occupe une position unique parmi ces rapports, en ce sens qu'il tente d'Ă©claircir les intentions dans une nĂ©gociation et sa signification pour l'Ă©conomie, le Rapport offre mĂȘme un Ă©noncĂ© clair du fondement utilisĂ© pour Ă©valuer les techniques de nĂ©gociation. Il exprime clairement qu'on ne doit pas procĂ©der Ă une restructuration des procĂ©dures de nĂ©gociations qui puisse priver l'Ă©conomie de solutions partagĂ©es par le travailleur et l'employeur. Le Rapport rejette des formes de contrainte mĂȘme lĂ oĂč la contrainte semblait inĂ©vitable.Un cadre conceptuel autre que la convenance manque Ă la forme pure d'analyse du phĂ©nomĂšne de la nĂ©gociation, et cette forme n'est pas sans inviter des conflits.Ă notre avis l'Ăquipe spĂ©cialisĂ©e ne rĂ©ussissait pas Ă expliquer l'utilitĂ© de la nĂ©gociation et ne l'Ă©value pas d'une façon analytique, malgrĂ© qu'elle demande aux Canadiens d'appuyer la forme de nĂ©gociation collective.Cinq secteurs majeurs crĂ©ent une difficultĂ© dans la nĂ©gociation : 1 ) l'antipathie publique face Ă la grĂšve ;2) une intervention gouvernementale inepte ;3) l'attribution au mĂ©canisme de nĂ©gociation de rĂŽles qui ne lui sont pas appropriĂ©s ;4) les problĂšmes techniques face Ă la loi ;5) la faillite des personnes impliquĂ©es dans la nĂ©gociation Ă respecter la loi.L'Ăquipe spĂ©cialisĂ©e considĂšre la grĂšve comme un catalyseur injectĂ© dans la prise de dĂ©cision concernant le travail, et ne l'intĂšgre pas comme partie rĂ©elle du mĂ©canisme de nĂ©gociation. Ă notre avis, elle devrait le faire.Nous croyons qu'une approche plus large Ă la question aurait pu modifier le jugement de l'Ăquipe spĂ©cialisĂ©e sur le rĂŽle que le gouvernement doit jouer en relations industrielles. Nous aimons croire que le gouvernement jouera un rĂŽle plus important dans le champ des relations industrielles, quoique cet espoir semble contraire Ă l'idĂ©e avancĂ©e par l'Ăquipe spĂ©cialisĂ©e.L'analyse de l'Ăquipe spĂ©cialisĂ©e prouve bien la nĂ©cessitĂ© de rĂ©orienter l'activitĂ© gouvernementale. C'est douteux par contre qu'elle ait rĂ©ussi Ă prouver la minimisation impliquĂ©e dans sa preuve, du rĂŽle prochain du gouvernement. Ce n'est pas suffisant que le gouvernement se limite Ă la considĂ©ration des disputes relevant de la nĂ©gociation collective. Le MinistĂšre du Travail doit pouvoir non seulement rĂ©gler les disputes mais aussi coordonner les relations industrielles et ses politiques gĂ©nĂ©rales touchant l'Ă©conomie. La seule administration des dĂ©cisions politiques touchant les champs de crise ne rĂ©pond pas aux besoins et restreint la discussion des relations industrielles Ă un champ d'analyse beaucoup trop Ă©troit.The author gives a philosophical analysis of the general tenor of the Woods' Report, and provides a brief appraisal of its observations, particularly in regard to collective bargaining
Categorized bibliography for a conceptual model of salt marsh management on Merritt Island, Florida
Enclosed is a bibliography of 556 published articles,
technical reports, theses, dissertations, and books that form the
basis for a conceptual model of salt marsh management on Merritt
Island, Florida (Section 1). A copy of each item is available on
file at the Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit,
Gainesville. Some relevant proprietary items and unpublished
drafts have not been included pending permission of the authors.
We will continue to add pertinent references to our bibliography
and files. Currently, some topics are represented by very few
items. As our synthesis develops, we will be able to indicate a
subset of papers most pertinent to an understanding of the
ecology and management of Merritt Island salt marshes.
(98 page document
Simulating future value in intertemporal choice
The laboratory study of how humans and other animals trade-off value and time has a long and storied history, and is the subject of a vast literature. However, despite a long history of study, there is no agreed upon mechanistic explanation of how intertemporal choice preferences arise. Several theorists have recently proposed model-based reinforcement learning as a candidate framework. This framework describes a suite of algorithms by which a model of the environment, in the form of a state transition function and reward function, can be converted on-line into a decision. The state transition function allows the model-based system to make decisions based on projected future states, while the reward function assigns value to each state, together capturing the necessary components for successful intertemporal choice. Empirical work has also pointed to a possible relationship between increased prospection and reduced discounting. In the current paper, we look for direct evidence of a relationship between temporal discounting and model-based control in a large new data set (nâ=â168). However, testing the relationship under several different modeling formulations revealed no indication that the two quantities are related
BOLD and its connection to dopamine release in human striatum: a cross-cohort comparison
Activity in midbrain dopamine neurons modulates the release of dopamine in terminal structures including the striatum, and controls reward-dependent valuation and choice. This fluctuating release of dopamine is thought to encode reward prediction error (RPE) signals and other value-related information crucial to decision-making, and such models have been used to track prediction error signals in the striatum as encoded by BOLD signals. However, until recently there have been no comparisons of BOLD responses and dopamine responses except for one clear correlation of these two signals in rodents. No such comparisons have been made in humans. Here, we report on the connection between the RPE-related BOLD signal recorded in one group of subjects carrying out an investment task, and the corresponding dopamine signal recorded directly using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in a separate group of Parkinson's disease patients undergoing DBS surgery while performing the same task. The data display some correspondence between the signal types; however, there is not a one-to-one relationship. Further work is necessary to quantify the relationship between dopamine release, the BOLD signal and the computational models that have guided our understanding of both at the level of the striatum.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience'
Economic probes of mental function and the extraction of computational phenotypes
AbstractEconomic games are now routinely used to characterize human cognition across multiple dimensions. These games allow for effective computational modeling of mental function because they typically come equipped with notions of optimal play, which provide quantitatively prescribed target functions that can be tracked throughout an experiment. The combination of these games, computational models, and neuroimaging tools open up the possibility for new ways to characterize normal cognition and associated brain function. We propose that these tools may also be used to characterize mental dysfunction, such as that found in a range of psychiatric illnesses. We describe early efforts using a multi-round trust game to probe brain responses associated with healthy social exchange and review how this game has provided a novel and useful characterization of autism spectrum disorder. Lastly, we use the multi-round trust game as an example to discuss how these kinds of games could produce novel bases for representing healthy behavior and brain function and thus provide objectively identifiable subtypes within a broad spectrum of mental function
Loss Aversion Correlates With the Propensity to Deploy Model-Based Control
Reward-based decision making is thought to be driven by at least two different types of decision systems: a simple stimulusâresponse cache-based system which embodies the common-sense notion of âhabit,â for which model-free reinforcement learning serves as a computational substrate, and a more deliberate, prospective, model-based planning system. Previous work has shown that loss aversion, a well-studied measure of how much more on average individuals weigh losses relative to gains during decision making, is reduced when participants take all possible decisions and outcomes into account including future ones, relative to when they myopically focus on the current decision. Model-based control offers a putative mechanism for implementing such foresight. Using a well-powered data set (N = 117) in which participants completed two different tasks designed to measure each of the two quantities of interest, and four models of choice data for these tasks, we found consistent evidence of a relationship between loss aversion and model-based control but in the direction opposite to that expected based on previous work: loss aversion had a positive relationship with model-based control. We did not find evidence for a relationship between either decision system and risk aversion, a related aspect of subjective utility
Counselor Preparation in Crisis, Trauma, Grief, and Neurocounseling
Crisis, trauma, and grief are common themes in counseling while neurocounseling is a relatively new term that has increased presence in counseling. However, little is known about the current status of CACREP programs offering courses directly preparing counselors to address these concerns. This descriptive study analyzed CACREP programs (N = 392) to determine how many counselor education programs offered courses in each special topic. Results indicated that programs offered crisis courses at the highest rate (62.2%) compared to trauma (41%), grief (21.2%), and neurocounseling (5.1%). These results examined program offerings immediately following the CACREP 2016 Standards revisions and may be used as a foundation to see how the new standards influence course offerings in the future
Computational phenotyping of two-person interactions reveals differential neural response to depth-of-thought.
Reciprocating exchange with other humans requires individuals to infer the intentions of their partners. Despite the importance of this ability in healthy cognition and its impact in disease, the dimensions employed and computations involved in such inferences are not clear. We used a computational theory-of-mind model to classify styles of interaction in 195 pairs of subjects playing a multi-round economic exchange game. This classification produces an estimate of a subject's depth-of-thought in the game (low, medium, high), a parameter that governs the richness of the models they build of their partner. Subjects in each category showed distinct neural correlates of learning signals associated with different depths-of-thought. The model also detected differences in depth-of-thought between two groups of healthy subjects: one playing patients with psychiatric disease and the other playing healthy controls. The neural response categories identified by this computational characterization of theory-of-mind may yield objective biomarkers useful in the identification and characterization of pathologies that perturb the capacity to model and interact with other humans
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