Evaluation of pepper fruits based on fruit physical and chemical characteristics / Avaliação de frutos de pimenta com base nas características físicas e químicas dos frutos

The modernization of agriculture associated with the abandonment of agricultural activities has caused the loss of genetic diversity in crops such as pepper. The characterization and evaluation of pepper germplasm allows to indicate plants with potential for immediate use for farmers, as well as to identify accessions with interesting traits for plant breeding. In this sense, the present study aimed to characterize 40 accessions of pepper from the Germplasm Collection Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES) - Campus de Alegre, collected in the South and Mountain ranges of the State of Espírito Santo, based on physical-chemical descriptors. The experiment was maintained under field conditions in IFES Experimental farm, with six fruits - completely ripe and still firm - randomly harvested of each genotype. The physical-chemical characterization was carried out at the Laboratory of Bromatology and Applied Chemistry at IFES, to evaluate the traits of moisture, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH and ash content. Subsequently, the study of genetic diversity was carried out by the UPGMA method to obtain the dendrogram, based in Mahalanobis matrix of dissimilarity. The Singh's analysis was performed to ascertain the relative contribution of each physical-chemical characteristic for the genetic divergence. For the evaluated traits, an average variation was observed between the accessions, which can be correlated with the constant exchange of seeds between rural producers in regions of the collection. For the analysis of genetic diversity, the UPGMA technique was efficient in adjusting the distances, with a cophenetic correlation of 0.86 and the formation of six groups. Through the measure of genetic dissimilarity between the accession pairs, expressed by the generalized Mahalanobis distance (D2), it was found that the most distant genotypes are IFES 08 and IFES 22, with a distance of 52.04, while the accessions IFES 23 and IFES 31 were considered the closest genetically, with a distance of 0.09. Singh's method indicated that total titratable acidity (28.48%), followed by total soluble solids (21.71%) were the traits that most contributed to genetic divergence. It was found that the physical-chemical characterization was efficient to estimate the genetic diversity between the accessions, showing medium divergence, being an important tool for the knowledge and use of the accessions traditionally cultivated in the State of Espírito Santo.

Phenotypic variation in a Germplasm Collection of pepper (Capsicum spp.) from Espírito Santo / Variação fenotípica em uma coleção de germoplasma de pimenta (Capsicum spp.) do Espírito Santo

Peppers belong to the Capsicum genus, which has an immense variety of types, sizes, colors, flavors, and pungencies, being part of the Brazilian cultural wealth and is an important genetic resource. The aim of the present study was to perform the morpho-agronomic characterization and estimate the genetic divergence between 40 accessions of pepper collected from rural producers in  eight regions of Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Conceição de Castelo, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Alegre, Guaçuí, Colatina e Santa Teresa. The work was carried out under field conditions in Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES) - Campus de Alegre the Experimental Farm. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replications, totaling 240 experimental plots. The accessions were characterized based on twelve morpho-agronomic traits, namely: plant height, crown diameter, fruit shape, fruit length and diameter, fruit weight, pericarp thickness, number of seeds per fruit, number of locules per fruit, stem width, and leaf width and length. A great phenotypic variability was found for the twelve traits evaluated. The genetic divergence between the accessions was estimated using the Tocher clustering method, using the Mahalanobis distance, as a measure of dissimilarity, forming seven groups. It was not possible to verify a correlation between genetic diversity and the place of origin of the accessions, since in the same group genotypes collected in quite distant rural properties were arranged. Singh's method, used to estimate the relative contribution of each trait in the expression of genetic divergence, indicated that the diameter of the fruit (28.77%) and the weight of the fruit (21.33%) were the ones that most contributed to the total divergence (50.10%) between the pepper accessions. The width and length of the leaf contributed less, representing a percentage of 2.04% and 1.26%, respectively. The morpho-agronomic characterization was efficient to estimate the genetic diversity between accessions, showing significant divergence, providing the best knowledge about the accessions, demonstrating their potential for use as parents in breeding programs. All accesses were considered distinct, which allowed to disregard the hypothesis of duplicates in the germplasm collection. There was no correlation between genetic distance and the origin of accessions, which may reflect the common practice of pepper exchanges among rural producers

Caracterização morfológica de acessos de pimentas (Capsicum spp.) conservados no estado do Maranhão / Morphological characterization of accessions of peppers (Capsicum spp.) Preserved in the state of Maranhão

A variabilidade genética presente no gênero Capsicum tem estimulado e desafiado a pesquisadores para melhor conhecê-la. Todavia, no estado do Maranhão são incipientes as informações sobre a caracterização e diversidade de pimentas. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar morfologicamente 21 acessos de pimentas conservados na “Coleção de pimentas (Capsicum spp.) do CCAA/UFMA” visando fornecer subsídios para o estabelecimento de programas de melhoramento genético, bem como orientações para a conservação do gênero no estado do Maranhão. O material genético utilizado constou de 21 sub-amostras de pimentas conservadas na “Coleção de pimentas (Capsicum spp.) do CCAA/UFMA”. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no ano agrícola de 2016. A caracterização morfológica baseou-se em 24 descritores qualitativos e 14 quantitativos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 21 tratamentos e quatro repetições. A caracterização morfológica baseada na similaridade genética de caracteres relativo as fases vegetativa, reprodutiva e do fruto, indicam que a “Coleção de pimentas (Capsicum spp.) do CCAA/UFMA” desempenha satisfatoriamente a função de conservação diversidade de pimentas do gênero Capsicum no estado do Maranhão. A Coleção de pimentas (Capsicum spp.) do CCAA/UFMA conserva acessos com potencial para compor programas de melhoramento destinado ao processamento de frutos (UFMA-57 e UFMA-70) e/ou consumo in natura ou desidratados (UFMA-62).

A IMPORTÂNCIA DO USO DE JOGOS DIDÁTICOS COMO MÉTODO FACILITADOR DE APRENDIZAGEM

O processo de assimilação e apropriação dos conteúdos de Ciências e Biologia é considerado por muitos alunos de diferentes níveis de ensino como algo muito complexo e de difícil absorção. Diante disso, faz-se necessário que o professor disponha de outros métodos que o auxiliem e que facilitem o entendimento do conteúdo por parte dos alunos. Acredita-se que a implementação de novas práticas educativas, dentre estas se destaca o emprego de estratégias de ensino diversificadas, podem ajudar na superação dos obstáculos e na reversão dos problemas que afligem a área da educação. Desta forma, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a contribuição de um jogo didático na assimilação e apropriação do conteúdo ministrado na terceira série do ensino médio referente a Taxonomia e Sistemática na E.E.E.F.M. “Sirena Rezende Fonseca”

A comparison of RAPD and ISSR markers reveals genetic diversity among sweet potato landraces (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)

Small farmers have played an important role in maintaining genetic resources of traditional varieties. Collecting and characterizing germplasm, especially landraces and heirloom varieties, are strategic activities that would create a knowledge base describing the traditional varieties of a given region and reduce the risk of genetic erosion. The objectives of this work were as follows: collect sweet potato roots from rural properties and local markets in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil; characterize the accessions using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers, comparing the efficiency in discrimination of these two types of molecular markers; and estimate the genetic variability of the population. Fifty-nine samples from rural properties and 19 from local markets were studied. A matrix of binary data was developed to analyze the molecular data using the Jaccard index to estimate genetic differences among accessions, and clusters were made using the UPGMA method. The molecular techniques detected genetic variability among the accessions, with cophenetic correlation coefficients (CCC) of 0.80 for RAPDs and 0.89 for ISSRs. The RAPD and ISSR marker results corresponded well, with a correlation of 0.55. All of the accessions were considered distinct, which demonstrates that traditional farmers maintain sweet potato genotypes that have good genetic diversity

Morphological characterization and analysis of genetic variability among pepper accessions

ABSTRACT: The peppers of the genus Capsicumhave economic potential and elevated genetic variability. The objective of the study was to characterize morpho-agronomically and estimate the genetic divergence among pepper accessions of the active germplasm bank of Capsicumof the Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Campus Alegre. Thirty accessions were characterized based on ten morphological descriptors being the experimental design completely randomized, with six repetitions. Genetic diversity among the accessions was estimated by the Tocher grouping method as a measurement of dissimilarity and formed eight groups. The Singh method, used to estimate the relative contribution of each character in the expression of genetic divergence, indicated that the diameter of the produce (20.19%) and the height of the plant (19.46%) were the ones to contribute most to the total divergence (39.65%) among the accessions of pepper being studied. The study evidenced the existence of high genetic variability among the accessions of C. annuumcollected in the south region of the state of Espírito Santo. No correlation was detected between the genetic distance and location of collections