Technology Enhanced Learning Environments within Physical Education Teacher Education: Application of Self-Regulated learning and Self-Determination Theory

The implementation of Technology Enhanced Learning Environments (TELEs) within higher education has been popular over the past two decades (Brown, Kregor, & Williams, 2013). The popularity could be attributed to providing flexibility and distance support to typically marginalized populations (Groff, 2013) and enhancing students’ involvement in lessons (Hicks, 2011). However, despite the benefits of TELEs, some issues associated with the design and application must be addressed (Hartnett, 2010): (1) the design principles utilized by instructors (e.g. Professors) within their course(s), (2) support students’ use and understanding of Self- Regulated learning strategies for working in a new context like a TELE, and (3) supporting students’ motivation to self-regulate in a TELE. The interplay between the concepts is important because each can facilitate the overall quality of learning and teaching within a TELE. As such, this study aims to examine the design, development and implementation of a Technology Enhanced Learning Environment within a Physical Education Teacher Education program; and with that to extend the research on TELEs by addressing the lack of inquiry around online education within Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE). To examine the aforementioned research aim, this study was grounded in a hybrid of Self- Regulated learning (SRL) (Pintrich, 1999) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 1985). For the purpose of this study, both theoretical frameworks were used to examine the design and implementation of a TELE within a Physical Education Teachers Education (PETE) because these theories provide a framework for understanding the motivation, behaviours and experiences of both students and teachers Investigation of the design, implementation and evaluation of the TELE in PETE was conducted using a Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology, also called Design-Based Methodology (DBM); a viable research approach to achieve the blending of theory and practice within a dynamic teaching and learning environment (Reeves, Herrington, & Oliver, 2004). Participant data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods across four distinct phases: design, implementation and evaluation of the TELE. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews and focus groups with professors who taught the subject, students and academic/administrative staff within the university. Furthermore, researcher field notes were conducted during the interviews and focus groups. All those data collection tools helped to ensure the rigor of the study through trustworthiness strategies such as triangulation. Further coding and summarizing were used on the completed data set to identify themes and patterns. The analysis of questionnaire data was conducted using Excel for descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics allowed for a more robust and detailed picture to be illustrated within the particular phase of the study were such data were collected. The findings from this study seem to support the effectiveness of using SDT and SRL for designing a TELE in a PETE program, however, the reality of their application, demonstrates the complex process to reach not only a functional design for a TELE in this academic environment, but an effective application. At first students, professors and staff expressed positive views that using a TELE in PETE could be beneficial, however, both students and professors showed a lack of understanding about aspects of Self-Determination and Self-Regulated learning. Overall, students, professors and staff did engage with the TELE in the PETE’s program in a superficial manner. Finally, even though faculty within this specific university was working according to an educative environment promoting Self-Regulation, this study revealed how organizational culture may impact the design and application of TELEs, both in Physical Education and general higher education. This finding provided support for future research on this Faculty’s educational context and current academic model’s supporting the application of TELEs. The study as such, provides an initial inquiry into the implications of the implementation of online education within a practical movement-based subject, such as those common in the study of PE. Specifically, this study contributes to and extends the body of knowledge around SRL and SDT within an online educational setting. Finally, this study will assist in understanding the elements of design principles that could be used as a base for future designs and implementations of TELEs, specially with areas and subjects traditionally relying on practical activities, as PE; as well as within other higher education settings more generally

Resiliencia Percibida en Estudiantes Universitarios Comparaciones Por Género

The purpose of this research was to compare the resilience profiles of Mexican university students. The total sample was 1083 subjects; 575 women and 508 men, students of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua Mexico, with ages between 18 and 28 years. The approach adopted in the research was framed a quantitative, a descriptive design type survey. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the univariate variance analysis, show that women report the highest levels of resilience in the social support factor (F = 7.049, p El objetivo de esta investigación consistió comparar los perfiles de resiliencia de estudiantes universitarios mexicanos. La muestra consistió en 1083 sujetos; 575 mujeres y 508 hombres, estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua México, con edad entre 18 y 28 años. El diseño de la investigación se realizó dentro del enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo mediante el uso de la encuesta. Los resultados del análisis multivariante de la varianza, seguido por los análisis de varianza univariados, en los resultados se resalta que las mujeres son las que obtienen mayores niveles relacionados con la resiliencia en el factor apoyo social (F = 7.049, p < .01), mientras que los hombres lo hacen en los factores fortaleza y confianza (F = 17.213, p < .001) y estructura (F = 11.418, p < .001); y sin diferencias significativas en los factores competencia social y apoyo familiar. Estos resultados revelan que en general los hombres muestran un mejor perfil de resiliencia que las mujeres. No obstante, se recomienda el desarrollo de mayores investigaciones al respecto debido a la importancia del tema

Actitudes Hacia los Adultos Mayores en Universitarios Mexicanos: Comparaciones por Género

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en comparar los perfiles de actitud hacia los adultos mayores de alumnos y alumnas universitarios mexicanos. La muestra total fue de 1634 sujetos; 841 mujeres y 793 hombres, con una edad media de 20.48 años (DE= 1.73) y 20.86 años (DE= 1.88) respectivamente. El abordaje adoptado en la investigación se enmarcó dentro de un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño descriptivo tipo encuesta. Los resultados del análisis multivariante de la varianza, seguido por los análisis de varianza univariados, revelan que las mujeres son quienes muestran una actitud más positiva hacia los adultos mayores en los factores esfera personal y esfera social, mientras que en lo que se refiere al factor esfera emocional no se encontraron diferencias. Las diferencias encontradas entre hombres y mujeres con respecto a su actitud hacia el adulto mayor, sugieren que al diseñar cualquier tipo de intervención que tenga como objetivo mejorar dicha actitud habrá que tomar en cuenta la variable género. Futuras investigaciones deberían replicar estos hallazgos en muestras más amplias. This paper focuses on comparing the attitude profiles towards older adults of Mexican university students. The total sample of the study was 1634 subjects, 841 women and 793 men, with an average age of 20.48 years (SD = 1.73) and 20.86 years (SD = 1.88) respectively. The approach adopted in the research was framed within a quantitative approach with a descriptive design type survey. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the univariate analysis of variance, revealed that women are the ones who show a more positive attitude towards older adults in the factors personal sphere and social sphere. On the other hand, in what refers to the emotional sphere factor, no differences were found. The differences found between men and women, with respect to their attitude towards the elderly, suggest that when designing any type of intervention that aims to improve this attitude, the gender variable has to be taken into account. Future researches should replicate these findings on a wider sampling

Motives for Male and Female University Students Engaging in Physical Exercise

This paper focuses on comparing the motives for male and female Mexican university students engaging in physical exercise. The sample consisted of 455 participants; 237 women and 218 men with a mean age of 20.07 years (SD = 2.04) and 21.50 years (SD = 2.38) respectively. The approach adopted for this research was quantitative with a survey like descriptive design. Results from the multivariate analysis of variance, followed up by univariate analysis of variance, show that men exhibit a better motivational profile to engage in physical exercise. The encountered differences among female and male university students with respect to their motives in performing physical exercise suggest that when designing any type of interventionwith the goal of improving motivational profiles, it is necessary to consider the variable gender. Future research should replicate these results in larger samples

Locus of Control in Mexican University Students Comparisons by Gender

The aim of this research was to compare the profiles of locus of control in Mexican university students. The total sample was of 1537 subjects; 820 women and 717 men, with a mean age of 20.38 years (SD = 1.81) and 20.78 years (SD = 1.94) respectively. The approach adopted in the research is framed within a quantitative approach with a survey descriptive design. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the univariate variance analyzes, are the ones who show higher levels of external locus of control in the factors of luck, political power, destiny and interpersonal relationships, while men report higher levels of locus as luck external control, political power, destination and interpersonal relationships. The differences found between men and women regarding the locus of control, suggest that when designing any intervention that aims to strengthen the internal locus of control will have to take into account the gender variable

Self-efficacy in Teamwork and Entrepreneurship in University Students from Social and Health Sciences Programs

The purpose of the present descriptive study is to compare the profiles of perceived self-efficacy in teamwork and entrepreneurship between Health Sciences and Social Sciences university students. The total sample consists of 972 participants: 484 from the Health Sciences and 488 from the Social Sciences programs, with an average age of 18.68 years (SD = 1.52) and 18.48 years (SD = 1.26) respectively. A quantitative approach with a descriptive and transversal survey design was used. All the participants completed the Selfefficacy Teamwork and Entrepreneurship Scale. The results of the one-way multivariate analysis of variance, followed by one-way univariate analysis of variance, showed that the Social Sciences students reported statistically significant (p < .05) better perceived self-efficacy, desired self-efficacy and reachable self-efficacy in teamwork than the Health Sciences participants, while the students of health sciences are perceived with a greater possibility of improvement in their perceived self-efficacy. Regarding the entrepreneurship factor, the Social Sciences students reported statistically significant greater perceived self-efficacy, desired and reachable self-efficacy than their Health Sciences counterparts (p < .05)

Perceived Psychological Well-Being Among University Students: A Comparative Study by Gender

The aim of the present study was to compare the profiles of well-being between men and women Mexican university students. A total sample of 708 participants, 374 women and 334 men, aged 18-26 years participated in this study. A quantitative approach with a descriptive and transversal survey design was used. All the participants completed the Spanish version of the Psychological Well-Being Scales. The results of the one-way multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the one-way univariate analyses of variance, showed that compared with the women, the men obtained higher scores on the subscales self-acceptance, positive relationships, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth. Because of the differences between men and women in their perception of well-being found, these findings suggest that in order to design any intervention for improving the perceived well-being of the students, the variable gender should be taken into account

Composition and Factorial Invariance of the Mifa Questionnaire Among Adolescent Athletes and Non-Athlete

[Abstract] Despite the health benefits of physical activity, most adolescents do not reach a sufficient level. The aim of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties proposed by Moreno and collaboratos for the Measurement of Intention to be Physically Active questionnaire. The total sample has been composed by 496 Mexican adolescents, 232 athletes and 264 non-athletes, with ages from 12 to 15 years (M = 12.95, SD = 0.47). The factor structure of questionnaire has been analyzed through the confirmatory factor analysis. This analysis shows that a unifactorial structure is viable and adequate for the total sample (GFI .999; RMSEA <.001; CFI 1.000) and the populations of athletes (GFI .995) and non-athletes (GFI 1.000). The unifactorial structure, according to statistical and substantive criteria, has shown adequate indicators of reliability and validity adjustment. On the other hand, the factorial structure, the factorial loads and the intercepts are considered invariant according to sport practice; however, there are differences between athletes and non-athletes for the average intentionality of being physically active. In conclusion, the Measurement of Intention to be Physically Active questionnaire can be a useful tool to advance in the study of the factors that affect the practice of physical activity.[Resumen] A pesar de los beneficios de la actividad física sobre la salud, la mayoría de los adolescentes no alcanza un nivel suficiente. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas propuestas por Moreno, Moreno y Cervelló para el cuestionario Medida de la Intencionalidad para ser Físicamente Activo. La muestra total fue de 496 adolescentes mexicanos 232 deportistas y 264 no deportistas, con edades comprendidas entre 12-15 años (M = 12.95; DE = 0.47). La estructura factorial del cuestionario se analizó mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los análisis, muestran que una estructura unifactorial es viable y adecuada tanto para la muestra total (GFI .999; RMSEA <.001; CFI 1.000) como para las poblaciones de deportistas (GFI .995) y no deportistas (GFI 1.000). La estructura unifactorial, atendiendo a criterios estadísticos y sustantivos, ha mostrado adecuados indicadores de ajuste de fiabilidad y validez. Por otro lado, la estructura factorial, las cargas factoriales y los interceptos se consideran invariantes de acuerdo a la variable práctica deportiva; sin embargo, existen diferencias entre deportistas y no deportistas para la media de intencionalidad para ser físicamente activo. En conclusión, el cuestionario Medida de la Intencionalidad para ser Físicamente Activo puede ser considerado una herramienta útil para avanzar en el estudio de los factores que afectan a la práctica de actividad física.Secretaría de Educación Pública (México); DE-13 -689

Perceived Body Image in Psychology Students from Yucatán, Mexico

Body image is an important psychological component related to current health issues such as eating disorders. It is also related to social, peer, and family pressure, by which men and women are affected to different degrees. Thus, the goal of the present research was to compare the perceived body image profiles in Mexican psychology students. The total sample consisted of 271 students; 139 women and 132 men from the Autonomous University of Yucatán, ages ranged between 17 and 28 years. The approach adopted in this research was quantitative with a descriptive survey like design. The results from the multivariate analyses of variance followed up by univariate analyses of variance, show that men report a better perceived body image than women on the factors behaviors oriented towards maintaining the physical shape (F = 317.008, p &lt; .001) and care of physical aspect (F = 19.939, p &lt; .001); and no significant differences on the factors of subjective importance of corporality and self-assessed physical attractiveness. These results show that in general men, in comparison to women show lower levels of dissatisfaction with their body image. Regardless, it is necessary that more research on the matter be developed given that the topic transcends the scope of the present research

Barriers for the practice of physical exercise in Mexican university athletes and non-athletes

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió determinar las diferencias y similitudes entre universitarios mexicanos que practican un deporte de manera regular con los que no lo hacen en cuanto a sus perfiles de barreras para la práctica de ejercicio físico. La muestra total fue de 1223 estudiantes universitarios de 18-36 años de edad; 593 de ellos practican algún deporte y participan regularmente en torneos o competencias deportivas. El abordaje adoptado en la investigación se enmarcó dentro de un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño descriptivo tipo encuesta. Todos los participantes contestaron el Autoinforme de Barreras para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico de Niñerola y colaboradores. Los resultados del análisis multivariante de la varianza, seguido por los análisis de varianza univariados, mostraron que los universitarios que no practican de manera regular algún deporte son quienes reportan mayor presencia de barreras en las cuatro dimensiones estudiadas (ansiedad física y social, fatiga o pereza, obligaciones y falta de tiempo e instalaciones). Las diferencias encontradas parecen indicar que los universitarios no deportistas perciben mayor probabilidad en la presencia de barreras para la práctica de ejercicio físico, dificultándoles la práctica de actividad física en mayor medida que a los que practican un deporte de manera regular.The aim of this research was to determine the differences and similarities between Mexican university students who practice a sport on a regular basis and those who do not in terms of their profiles of barriers for practicing physical exercise. The total sample was of 1223 university students of 18-36 years of age; 593 of them practice some sport and participate regularly in tournaments or sports competitions. e research is framed within a quantitative approach with a survey descriptive design. All the participants answered the Barriers Self-Report for the Physical Exercise Practice of Niñerola and collaborators. Results from the multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the univariate variance analysis, showed university students who do not regularly practice a sport are those who report the greatest presence of barriers in the four dimensions studied (physical and social anxiety, fatigue or laziness, obligations and lack of time and facilities). The differences found seem to indicate that the non-athletic university students perceive greater probability in the presence of barriers to the practice of physical exercise, making it difficult for them to practice physical activity more than those who practice a sport on a regular basis.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació