20 research outputs found
Offshore Aquaculture Development in Ecuador
Ecuador has a long tradition in aquaculture, mainly related to the cultivation of shrimp and tilapia in earthen ponds. Land-based production methods have a large environmental, economic and social impact due to the extensive use of land and its effects on the ecosystems. In order to increase the production of fish without further land use and with a lower environmental impact, a good alternative is the culture of fish in floating cages, adopting technologies used successfully in many other countries. This article analyses the current situation of offshore aquaculture (the production of fish and other aquatic organisms in the open sea) in Ecuador, and the prospects for the future of this sector in the country
M茅todos y test forenses para determinaci贸n de cannabinoides revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica
La revisi贸n bibliogr谩fica es de car谩cter narrativa de la literatura actual sobre m茅todos y test forenses para la determinaci贸n de cannabinoides, siendo el principal objetivo de investigaci贸n el proporcionar m茅todos y t茅cnicas instrumentales forenses adecuadas para el an谩lisis de estos metabolitos, las fuentes utilizadas han sido localizadas mediante los buscadores en internet, utilizando bases de datos tales como: PubMed鈥怣edline, Scielo y Lilacs. Para el sistema de b煤squeda de los art铆culos 贸ptimos se tom贸 en cuenta la actualizaci贸n de estos datos no mayores a 5 a帽os, desde su fecha de publicaci贸n y su contenido se encuentre estrechamente relacionado con el tema. Los cannabinoides por ser altamente retenidos en los tejidos del organismo, se pueden detectar en orina durante d铆as o semanas despu茅s de su consumo, que depende de la cantidad, v铆a de ingreso y frecuencia, siendo el biomarcador 11-nor-9-carboxi-tetrahidrocannabinol com煤nmente encontrado en la muestra por m茅todos y t茅cnicas espec铆ficas. El test de inmunoensayos, cromatograf铆a en capa fina y espectroscop铆a infrarroja, son pruebas cualitativas com煤nmente empleadas para determinar el metabolito, sin embargo, la cromatograf铆a gaseosa, l铆quida de alta resoluci贸n y estas t茅cnicas acopladas a la espectrometr铆a de masas, son aquellas que nos proporcionan mayor confiabilidad y exactitud de los resultados.The bibliographic review is of a narrative nature of the current literature on forensic methods and tests for the determination of cannabinoids, the main research objective being to provide suitable forensic instrumental methods and techniques for the analysis of these metabolites, the sources used have been located by Internet search engines, using databases such as: PubMed-Medline, Scielo and Lilacs. For the optimal article search system, the update of these data not older than 5 years, from its publication date, and its content is closely related to the subject, was taken into account. Because cannabinoids are highly retained in the body's tissues, they can be detected in urine for days or weeks after consumption, which depends on the quantity, route of entry, and frequency, with the biomarker being 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol. commonly found in the sample by specific methods and techniques. The immunoassay test, thin layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy are qualitative tests commonly used to determine the metabolite, however, high resolution gas and liquid chromatography and these techniques coupled with mass spectrometry are those that provide us with greater reliability and accuracy of the results
Incidencia del uso de sustancias ilegales y alcohol para el cometimiento de delitos en la ciudad de Riobamba, en el a帽o 2021
Introduction: considering that the crime and delinquency rate has increased nationally in recent years and that in many forms of attack criminals use narcotic and psychotropic substances to facilitate crime. Objectives: the incidence of the use of illegal substances and alcohol for the commission of crimes in the city of Riobamba was investigated with data from the year 2021, Methodology: in the first instance it was necessary to review information from the laboratory of the Legal Medicine Service of Chimborazo and a private toxicology laboratory in order to obtain real data from victims of crime whose cases have been denounced in the pertinent instances. Subsequently, the information was processed to determine which were the main substances used in mobile phones, and which crimes were the most frequent. Results: the symptomatology of the victims was analyzed as well as and classified substances used in crimes as psychotropic or narcotic and finally determined the relationship between lethality of victims and substances used in the commission of crimes through the application of data analysis and statistics. Conclusions: se concluded that marijuana, cocaine, benzodiazepines, barbiturates and alkaloids are the illegal substances most used by criminals and that theft is the main crime for which victims are subjected, the vast majority of victims have episodes of confusion, disorientation, loss of will and balance, are symptoms caused by illegal substances and exploited by crime. The ethyl alcohol present in alcoholic beverages plays a preponderant role in criminal action since it is frequently combined with illegal substances taking advantage of the ability to mask smells and tastes of drugs. Although in the cases analyzed none of the victims has lost their lives due to overdose or toxicity of the substances used, the quantities supplied facilitate the manipulation of the will of the victims. It is recommended to use this research as a tool to contribute to citizen protection and crime prevention since the data determined are due to real cases raised in the city of Riobamba. Area of general study: forensic sciences. Specific area of study: toxicology.Introducci贸n: tomando en cuenta que el 铆ndice de criminalidad y delincuencia se ha incrementado a nivel nacional en los 煤ltimos a帽os y que en muchas modalidades de ataque los delincuentes usan sustancias estupefacientes y psicotr贸picos para facilitar el crimen. Objetivos: se investig贸 la incidencia del uso de sustancias ilegales y alcohol para el cometimiento de delitos en la ciudad de Riobamba con datos del a帽o 2021, Metodolog铆a: en primera instancia fue necesario revisar informaci贸n procedente del laboratorio del Servicio de Medicina Legal de Chimborazo y de un laboratorio de toxicolog铆a privado con el fin de obtener datos reales procedentes de v铆ctimas de la delincuencia cuyos casos han sido denunciados en las instancias pertinentes. Posteriormente se proces贸 la informaci贸n para determinar cu谩les eran las principales sustancias utilizadas en los m贸viles, y qu茅 delitos eran los m谩s frecuentes. Resultados: se analiz贸 la sintomatolog铆a de las v铆ctimas al igual que y se clasific贸 para las sustancias utilizadas en delitos como psicotr贸picas o estupefacientes y finalmente se determin贸 la relaci贸n existente entre letalidad de v铆ctimas y sustancias utilizadas en el cometimiento de delitos mediante la aplicaci贸n de an谩lisis de datos y estad铆stica. Conclusiones: se concluy贸 que la marihuana, coca铆na, benzodiacepinas, barbit煤ricos y alcaloides son las sustancias ilegales m谩s utilizadas por los delincuentes y que el robo es el principal delito por el cual las v铆ctimas son sometidas, la gran mayor铆a de v铆ctimas presentan episodios de confusi贸n, desorientaci贸n, perdida de voluntad y equilibrio, son s铆ntomas causados por las sustancias ilegales y aprovechados por la delincuencia. El alcohol et铆lico presente en bebidas alcoh贸licas juega un papel preponderante en el accionar delincuencial ya que es combinado frecuentemente con las sustancias ilegales aprovechando la capacidad de enmascarar olores y sabores de las drogas. Si bien en los casos analizados ninguna de las victimas ha perdido su vida debido a sobredosis o toxicidad de las sustancias utilizadas las cantidades suministradas facilitan la manipulaci贸n de la voluntad de las v铆ctimas. Se recomienda utilizar esta investigaci贸n como una herramienta para coadyubar en la protecci贸n ciudadana y la prevenci贸n de delitos ya que los datos determinados obedecen a casos reales suscitados en la ciudad de Riobamba. 脕rea de estudio general: ciencias forenses. 脕rea de estudio espec铆fica: toxicolog铆a
Concentraci贸n de etanol mediante cromatograf铆a de gases en muestras de humor v铆treo de cad谩veres
The investigation was carried out with a quantitative approach to determine the concentration of ethanol in samples of vitreous humor, from bodies of the Province of Chimborazo, Ecuador. The study sample was formed in 60 kinds of evidence submitted to the research development, which entered the Forensic Chemistry Laboratory for analysis, during the period from February to September 2016. The degree of concentration of ethyl alcohol was determined by means of the gas chromatography method, prior to the preparation of standard ethanol solution, internal comparison of 2- propanol and of each of the biological samples under study. Through a confirmatory quantification procedure, it was obtained that 53.33% is positive evidence and 46.67% negative out of the total population analyzed. Therefore, the existence of a considerable incidence of deaths related to this toxic was analyzed by the high-tech chromatographic method and through the use of this biological sample (vitreous humor), which presents advantages to the forensic analyst over the blood sample commonly used for the analysis of ethanol when establishing the initial and final blood concentration and without risk of contamination, rot or loss of volatile toxic.La investigaci贸n se realiz贸 con enfoque cuantitativo para determinar la concentraci贸n de etanol en muestras de humor v铆treo, provenientes de cad谩veres de la Provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador. La muestra de estudio se conform贸 en 60 evidencias sometidas al desarrollo investigativo, que ingresaron al Laboratorio de Qu铆mica Forense para su an谩lisis, durante el per铆odo de febrero a septiembre de 2016. El grado de concentraci贸n de alcohol et铆lico se determin贸 por medio del m茅todo de cromatograf铆a de gases, previo la preparaci贸n de soluci贸n est谩ndar de etanol, comparativo interno de 2- propanol y de cada una de las muestras biol贸gicas en estudio. Por medio de un procedimiento confirmatorio de cuantificaci贸n se obtuvo como resultado que el 53,33% son evidencias positivas y el 46,67% negativas de la poblaci贸n total analizada. Por lo que se estableci贸 la existencia de una considerable incidencia de muertes relacionadas con este t贸xico analizadas por el m茅todo cromatogr谩fico de alta tecnolog铆a y mediante la utilizaci贸n de esta muestra biol贸gica (humor v铆treo), que presenta ventajas al analista forense frente a la muestra de sangre com煤nmente utilizada para el an谩lisis de etanol a la hora de establecer la concentraci贸n inicial y final sangu铆nea y sin riesgo de contaminaci贸n, putrefacci贸n o p茅rdida del t贸xico vol谩til
Testicular Cancer Risk Awareness in Young Male
Foundation: testicular cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in young men and early detection through testicular self-examination is essential. Objective: to evaluate the level of knowledge in young men about testicular cancer. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out. A questionnaire in printed or electronic format was administered anonymously to a sample of 296 male students from various faculties of the Regional Autonomous University of the Andes who were studying in the period 2021-2022. A Chi-square test was used to compare proportions in different subgroups. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Data analysis was performed using Statistica software version 13.3. Results: most students showed a lack of prior interest in testicular cancer and had little knowledge about its age of onset, risk factors, and symptoms. Medical students demonstrated greater knowledge on the topic compared to other disciplines. 91 % of male students did not receive information about the risk and importance of testicular self-examination from their doctors. 72 % of students did not seek independent information about testicular cancer. Only 29 % of the students occasionally performed testicular self-examination. Conclusions: young men have poor knowledge about the symptoms of testicular cancer, they have a low frequency of performing testicular self-examination and their doctors do not provide them with information about its importance. It is crucial to disseminate information about testicular cancer among young men, including the topic in high school and university classes, and promoting the regular practice of testicular self-examination
Cuantificaci贸n de coca铆na por cromatograf铆a de gases acoplado a masas en Chimborazo
La investigaci贸n se realiz贸 con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo, para determinar la concentraci贸n de coca铆na en muestras inorg谩nicas y soportes, provenientes de incautaciones de la Provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador. La muestra de estudio se conform贸 en 90 evidencias sometidas al desarrollo investigativo, que ingresaron al Laboratorio de Qu铆mica Forense para su an谩lisis, durante el per铆odo de julio a diciembre de 2016. La cuantificaci贸n de la coca铆na se realiz贸 a trav茅s del m茅todo de cromatograf铆a de gases acoplado a un detector de masas, en funci贸n de las soluciones de trabajo o calibraci贸n, est谩ndar, est谩ndar interno y stock. Adem谩s de obtener la concentraci贸n real de la sustancia en estudio, se obtuvo la estructura del alcaloide y sus principales adulterantes, que permitir谩n llegar al origen o lugar de procesamiento. Como resultado investigativo del total de las muestras analizadas, y aplicando el proceso minucioso y adecuado, se determin贸 que el 58% de pureza pertenece al alcaloide en estudio, 65 con caracter铆sticas para base de coca铆na, que representa el 72,22%, y 25 relacionadas con clorhidrato de coca铆na (27,78%), en diferentes soportes, lo que indica el mayor tr谩fico ilegal de esta sustancia psicotr贸pica bajo la forma de base de coca铆na.The research was carried out with a quantitative, descriptive approach, to determine the concentration of cocaine in inorganic samples and support, originating from seizures in the Province of Chimborazo, Ecuador. The study sample was made up of 90 pieces of evidence submitted to investigative development, which entered the Forensic Chemistry Laboratory for analysis during the period from July to December 2016. The quantification of cocaine was carried out through the chromatography method of gases coupled to a mass detector, depending on the working or calibration solutions, standard, internal standard, and stock. In addition to obtaining the real concentration of the substance under study, the structure of the alkaloid and its main adulterants were obtained, which will allow them to reach the origin or place of processing. As an investigative result of the total of the samples analyzed, and applying the meticulous and adequate process, it was determined that 58% of purity belongs to the alkaloid under study, 65 with characteristics for cocaine base, which represents 72.22%, and 25 related to cocaine hydrochloride (27.78%), in different formats, which indicates the greater illegal traffic of this psychotropic substance in the form of cocaine base
Composici贸n qu铆mica y actividad antif煤ngica del l谩tex de Argemone mexicana (Cardo Santo)
Ecuador cuenta con una amplia diversidad de especies vegetales que han sido usadas como medicina tradicional, entre ellas la especie Argemone mexicana (Cardo Santo), la cual se encuentra distribuida en varias zonas de la sierra central, el l谩tex es usado en forma t贸pica, de manera directa y en emplastos, debido a que presenta propiedades antif煤ngicas. El presente trabajo de investigaci贸n se enfoca en la caracterizaci贸n e identificaci贸n de las especies qu铆micas presentes en el l谩tex de dicha especie, para lo cual se obtuvieron dos extractos (acuoso y etan贸lico). Se realizaron cortes en la planta y mediante jeringuillas esterilizadas, se extrajo el l谩tex para su posterior caracterizaci贸n por medio de un tamizaje fitoqu铆mico (an谩lisis qu铆mico referencial) y la t茅cnica de CG-EM (cromatograf铆a de gases acoplado a espectrometr铆a de masas). Paralelamente, se realizaron pruebas de bioactividad, mediante la t茅cnica de Kirby Bauer, con las cepas de hongos Botrytis cinerea y Cladoosporium spp, y con dos medios de cultivo (agar PDA y Saoubourad), donde se logr贸 comprobar la actividad antif煤ngica del extracto acuoso del l谩tex a concentraciones de 10 碌l y 20 碌l del extracto, mediante la observaci贸n evidente de la formaci贸n de halos de inhibici贸n bien definidos. Utilizando los metabolitos secundarios identificados por cromatograf铆a de gases-detector de masas se realiz贸 una comparaci贸n de sus estructuras qu铆micas y bioactividad con trabajos similares reportados en la literatura, lo que permiti贸 atribuirle la actividad antif煤ngica a los compuestos identificados, pudiendo ser responsables de la actividad biol贸gica observada.Ecuador has a wide diversity of plant species that have been used as traditional medicine, including the Argemone mexicana specie (Cardo Santo), which is distributed in various areas of the central highlands, latex is used topically, directly and in plasters, because it has antifungal properties. The present research work focuses on the characterization and identification of the chemical species present in the latex of said species, for which two extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) were obtained. Cuts were made in the plant and the latex was extracted using sterilized syringes for its subsequent characterization by means of a phytochemical screening (referential chemical analysis) and GC-MS technique (gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry). At the same time, bioactivity tests were carried out, using the Kirby Bauer technique, in the strains of fungi Botrytis cinerea and Cladoosporium spp, and with two culture media (PDA and Saubourad agar), where it was possible to verify the antifungal activity of the aqueous extract of the latex at concentrations of 10 碌l and 20 碌l of the extract, through the evident observation of the formation of well-defined inhibition halos. Using the secondary metabolites identified by gas chromatography-mass detector, a comparison of their chemical structures and bioactivity with similar works reported in the literature was made, which allowed attributing the antifungal activity to the identified compounds that could be responsible for the observed biological activity. 
Enfoque de marco l贸gico: aplicaci贸n en vinculaci贸n con la sociedad de enfermer铆a en el contexto universitario ecuatoriano
El enfoque de marco l贸gico es una metodolog铆a para el desarrollo de proyectos con impacto social con amplio uso en el mundo; que, adem谩s se utiliza en la educaci贸n universitaria como herramienta de planificaci贸n, ejecuci贸n y evaluaci贸n de iniciativas de vinculaci贸n con la sociedad. Entre sus ventajas se pueden mencionar: formato sencillo, alto grado de detalle en cada procedimiento, estimula la participaci贸n de los beneficiarios, consenso y empoderamiento de la colectividad y asegura la viabilidad de los componentes y acciones previstas. En el campo de la Enfermer铆a, permite proporcionar cuidados culturalmente congruentes con 茅nfasis en la promoci贸n de la salud a grupos sociales; as铆 como desarrolla experiencias de valor en esos profesionales. En este art铆culo de revisi贸n se detalla c贸mo esta metodolog铆a y sus t茅cnicas de interacci贸n con la comunidad, permiten la elaboraci贸n, ejecuci贸n y monitoreo de proyectos en el contexto ecuatoriano.The logical framework approach is a methodology to develop projects with social impact with wide use in the world. It is also used in university education as a tool for planning, executing and assessing initiatives linked to society. Some of its advantages must be mentioned such as: simple format, high degree of detail in each procedure, stimulates the participation of the beneficiaries, consensus and empowerment of the community and ensures the viability of the components and planned actions. It allows providing culturally congruent care with emphasis on the promotion of health to social groups in the field of Nursing, as well as developing valuable experiences in these professionals. This review article details how this methodology and its interaction techniques with the community allow the preparation, execution and monitoring of projects in the Ecuadorian context
S铆ntesis verde de nanopart铆culas de Plata (AgNPs) utilizando ajo (Alliun Sativum L) explorando su actividad antimicrobial y catal铆ticas
The manufacture of nanoparticles through the use of green synthesis is done due to its wide applications in different fields, such as biomedical engineering, agriculture and food. In this work, the Andean Allium sativum bulb extract was used, which contains organosulfur compounds, the most important being allicin, alixin, diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfides, sulfur amino acids, lipids, alkaloids, diterpenes, carbohydrates, saponins, as reducing agent. and stabilizers. The presence of silver AgNPs nanoparticles in solution was identified by a UV-VIS 4802 double beam spectrophotometer. The size of the nanoparticles is in the range of 40 to 60 nm. The spherical shape and crystalline nature of the AgNPs were confirmed by DSL-ISO 13321. The optimization of the process was carried out by varying the volume of the Allium sativum bulb extract, the concentrations of silver nitrate, the pH, the temperature and the time. reaction. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillun niger. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.La fabricaci贸n de nanopart铆culas mediante el uso de s铆ntesis verde se realiza debido a sus amplias aplicaciones en diferentes campos, como la ingenier铆a biom茅dica, la agricultura y la alimentaci贸n. En este trabajo se utiliz贸 el extracto de bulbo de ajo andino Allium sativum, que contiene compuestos organosulfurados siendo los de mayor importancia la alicina, alixina, dialil sulfuro y dialil disulfuros, amino谩cidos sulfurados, l铆pidos, alcaloides, diterpenos, carbohidratos, saponinas, como agente reductor y estabilizantes. La presencia de nanoparticulas de plata AgNPs en soluci贸n se identific贸 por un espectrofot贸metro de UV-VIS 4802 double beam spectrophotom. El tama帽o de las nanoparticulas est谩 en el rango de 40 a 60 nm. La forma esf茅rica y la naturaleza cristalina de los AgNPs fueron confirmadas por DSL-ISO 13321. La optimizaci贸n del proceso se realiz贸 variando el volumen del extracto del bulbo de Allium sativum L., las concentraciones de nitrato de plata, el pH, la temperatura y el tiempo de reacci贸n. Los AgNPs biosintetizados exhibieron actividad antibacteriana contra las cepas bacterianas E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Aspergillun niger. Tiene propiedades desinflamatorias y antitumorales