Central and South America

The chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section follows an integrative approach in which hazards, exposure, vulnerability, impacts and risks are discussed following the eight climatically homogeneous sub-regions described in WGI AR6 (Figure 12.1). The second section assesses the implemented and proposed adaptation practices by sector; in doing so, it connects to the WGII AR6 crosschapter themes. The storyline is then a description of the hazards, exposure, vulnerability and impacts providing as much detail as is available in the literature at the sub-regional level, followed by the identification of risks as a result of the interaction of those aspects. This integrated sub-regional approach ensures a balance in the text, particularly for countries that are usually underrepresented in the literature but that show a high level of vulnerability and impacts, such as those observed in CA. The sectoral assessment of adaptation that follows is useful for policymakers and implementers, usually focused and organised by sectors, government ministries or secretaries that can easily locate the relevant adaptation information for their particular sector. To ensure coherence in the chapter, a summary of the assessed adaptation options by key risks is presented, followed by a feasibility assessment for some relevant adaptation options. The chapter closes with case studies and a discussion of the knowledge gaps evidenced in the process of the assessment.EEA Santa CruzFil: Castellanos, Edwin J. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Guatemala.Fil: Lemos, Maria Fernanda. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Astigarraga, Laura. Universidad de la República; Uruguay.Fil: Chacón, Noemí. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; Venezuela.Fil: Cuvi, Nicolás. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Ecuador.Fil: Huggel, Christian. University of Zurich; Switzerland.Fil: Miranda Sara, Liliana Raquel. Foro Ciudades para la Vida; Peru.Fil: Moncassim Vale, Mariana. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute for Space Research; Brasil.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Postigo, Julio C. Indiana University; Estados Unidos.Fil: Ramajo Gallardo, Laura. Adolfo Ibanez University; Chile.Fil: Roco, Lisandro. Catholic University of The North; Chile.Fil: Rusticucci, Matilde Monica. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Global Land-use and Land-cover rasters under past, current, future climatic conditions in usable format for ecologists, links to files

Land-Use Land-cover (LULC) data are important predictors of species occurrence and threat. Although there are LULC available for ecologists under current conditions, there is a lack of such data under past and future climatic conditions. This hinders the use, for example, of LULC in Ecological Niche Modeling which projects species distribution under different time periods. The Land Use Harmonization Project (LUH2, http://luh.umd.edu/data.shtml) provides massive data from 850 to 2100 with 0.25 x 0.25 degree spatial resolution covering continental areas, but in a format (NetCDF) most ecologists cannot use. Here we selected the most useful data for ecologists and transformed them into GIS file formats regularly used in macroecology and ecological niche modelling. Main types of variables included twelve possible land use and land cover states: forested primary land (primf), non-forested primary land (primn), potentially forested secondary land (secdf), potentially non-forested secondary land (secdn), managed pasture (pastr), rangeland (range), urban land (urban), C3 annual crops (c3ann), C3 perennial crops (c3per), C4 annual crops (c4ann), C4 perennial crops (c4per), C3 nitrogen-fixing crops (c3nfx). We provide two data files in TIF format for each year: separate files for each of these states (continuous values), and a single file with all states combined (categorical data). To create the latter we assigned pixel membership to the state with the highest value among the 12 files. Time period covered thirty-seven years from year 900 to 2100. With a grain of 100 years from 900 to 1950, every 10 years from 1950 to 2010, and every five years from 2010 to 2100. From 2015 on the data are provided under two representative concentratios pathways (of greenhouse gases): RCP 4.5 and 8.5

Global change explains the neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (Serpentes: Viperidae) range expansion in South America

The neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus occurs in South America, where it is generally associated to open areas in the dry diagonal of the continent, composed of xeric and savanna biomes. Since the 1950’s, however, the species started to be recorded in rainforest biomes. Land-use change, especially the conversion of forests to pasture, remains a widely believed but still untested hypothesis to explain this range expansion. An equally untested alternative hypothesis is ongoing climate change as a driver of this observed expansion. Here we modeled the current distribution of C. durissus using occurrence records prior to 1950 for model calibration. Model predictions were then evaluated using occurrence records post-1950. The sets of models considered (i) only bioclimatic predictors, (ii) only land-use land-cover predictors, and (iii) a combination of both. Our results indicated that since 1950’s the geographic range of C. durissus is expanding primarily due increase in pasture areas, and, secondarily due to ongoing changes in climate (changes in isothermality and precipitation). This range expansion encompasses the Argentinian Chaco and the arc of deforestation in the Amazon, which were unsuitable before the 1950’s. The ongoing range expansion of the neotropical rattlesnake can become a public health issue, given that it is a venomous snake of medical importance. The expansion of the neotropical rattlesnake range can be controlled through public policies aimed at restraining deforestation (especially in the Amazon and the Gran Chaco) and encouraging reforestation (especially in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest)

First record of Lonchophylla Peracchii Dias, Esbérard and Moratelli, 2013 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in São Paulo State, Southeastern Brasil

Submitted by sandra infurna ([email protected]) on 2015-12-17T15:47:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daniela_dias_etal_IOC_2013.pdf: 407910 bytes, checksum: 902d7d13cedab214eb9bd5274fa31f9b (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by sandra infurna ([email protected]) on 2015-12-17T16:02:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daniela_dias_etal_IOC_2013.pdf: 407910 bytes, checksum: 902d7d13cedab214eb9bd5274fa31f9b (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-17T16:02:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daniela_dias_etal_IOC_2013.pdf: 407910 bytes, checksum: 902d7d13cedab214eb9bd5274fa31f9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Ecologia. Laboratório de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Ecologia. Laboratório de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Ecologia. Laboratório de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Ecologia. Laboratório de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasi

Climate Change and Biodiversity of Brazilian Biomes: Past, Present, and Future

Disponível em:http://www.abecol.org.br/publicacoes/natureza-e-conservacao/volume-8-numero-