Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide Prostate Cancers and their Relationship with the Human Development Index

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and is the second leading cause of death, especially in developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and its relationship with the human development index (HDI). Materials and Methods: This is an ecological review of the incidence of prostate cancer and its relation with HDI and its components in 2018. Data about the incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer for the year 2018 were obtained from the global cancer project for 185 countries. To analyse data, correlation test and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: The result showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the incidence (R = 0.531, P < 0.001) and mortality (R = -0.219, P < 0.001) of prostate cancer with HDI. The linear regression model showed that the increase in HDI, mean years of schooling (MYS), expected years of schooling (EYS), life expectancy at birth (LBE) and gross national income was associated with an increase in the incidence of prostate cancer in men, but it was statistically significant only in MYS (B = 3.6, P < 0.05) and EYS (B = 4.8, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the increase in life expectancy at birth (B = -0.45, P < 0.05) significantly decreased mortality. Conclusion: By increasing the HDI the incidence of prostate cancer increases, but the mortality rate decreases. Therefore, HDI can be used to provide a clear picture of the distribution of this cancer. Having a comprehensive picture of the epidemiological features and changes of prostate cancer has a significant role to play in preventing, diagnosing and treating early, and reducing mortality

WORLDWIDE INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF COLORECTAL CANCER AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI): AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2018. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytic study that is based on the extraction of cancer incidence and mortality data from the GLOBOCAN 2018. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between incidence (R=0.722, p<0.0001) and mortality (R=0.62, p<0.0001) of colorectal cancer with HDI. There was found a positive and significant correlation between the incidence of cancer with GNI (r=0.564, p<0.0001), MYS (r=0.732, p<0.0001), LEB (r=0.706, p<0.0001) and EYS (r=0.754, p<0.0001). Conclusions: HDI can be important in reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer

Incidence and mortality of breast cancer and Human development Index: An updated study on the Asian population in 2018

Objective: The incidence of breast cancer is rising rapidly and is a major concern for women's health worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of incidence and mortality of breast cancer and its relation to the Human Development Index (HDI) in Asia in the year 2018. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study that is based on extraction of cancer incidence data and cancer mortality rates from the GLOBOCAN in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and breast cancer distribution maps were drawn for Asia. To analyze data, the researchers used correlation test to evaluate the correlation between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14 and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Materials and Methods: The results of recorded cancer data in 2018 showed that Lebanon (97.6 per 100,000) had the highest incidence and Syrian Arab Republic (26.9 per 100,000) had the highest mortality rate in Asia. There was a significant positive correlation between the incidence rate (R = 0.533, P 0.05) between mortality of breast cancer with the HDI which was not statistically significant. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the incidence rate and GNI (r = 0.32, P <0.05), MYS (r = 0.403, P <0.001), LEB (r = 0.613, P <0.001) and EYS (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of breast cancer rises with the increase in the level of the HDI in Asia. On the other hand, the observed correlation between incidence rates and education level, gross national income and life expectancy may indicate that screening and early detection of the disease were higher in Asian countries than in countries with low HDI. There may be risk factors associated with higher incidence rates in these countries

Health promoting self-care behaviors in patients with multiple sclerosis in the southeast of iran: Developing a model for practice

Introduction: Promoting self-care practice, as a critical strategy for enhancing the quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a challenging issue. This study aimed to propose a model of health-promoting self-care behaviors in MS patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients with MS, who had referred to the Hospital for Special Diseases in Kerman City, Iran, were chosen. The main data collection instruments were the multiple sclerosis knowledge questionnaire, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, multiple sclerosis self-efficacy scale, questionnaire of perceived barriers and benefits of selfcare behaviors, social support, the health promotion lifestyle profile II, and resilience and sense of coherence scale. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS V. 22 and AMOS18 software. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was also used for further analysis of data Results: The model explained 82 of variance in Health-Promoting self-care Behavior (HPB). The results of the final model obtained from the SEM showed that self-efficacy (β=0.53, SE=0.04, P= 0.007), self-esteem (β=0.39, SE=0.04, P=0.005), social support (β=0.36, SE=0.04, P=0.009), sense of coherence (β=0.34, SE=0.07, P=0.006), resilience (β=0.33, SE=0.07, P=0.018), and perceived benefits (β=0.25, SE=0.05, P=0.009) had a positive and significant relationship with HPB. Conclusion: The self-care empowerment model in patients with MS presented in this study can be used as a framework for designing health promotion interventions to improve the quality of life of patients with MS. © 2020 Iran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Epidemiological Prevalence of Pediculosis and its Influencing Factors in Iranian Schools: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: Pediculosis is an endemic parasitic infestation in many countries of the world. Iran is one of the countries with a high rate of pediculosis. Aim: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with pediculosis in primary school students of Iran. Materials and Methods: The literature search was carried out by two researchers on national databases including: SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, Irandoc and international database including: Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Science to find relevant articles between 2000 and 2016. The search strategy was performed using keywords such as: "epidemiology", "prevalence", "infestation", "head louse", "head lice", "Pediculus humans capitis", "pediculosis", "primary school students", "primary students", "school children", and "Iran", as well as their Farsi equivalents. In this study, a random effects model and a fixed effect model were used. To test heterogeneity, the Q-Cochran test was used at an error level of less than 10 and the quantity was estimated by I-2. The Begg Rank Correlation Test and Eggers Regression Method were used to measure the publication bias. Results: The results showed that 428,993 students were studied in 55 papers between 2000 and 2016 and the prevalence of head louse (Pediculosis human capitis) was 6.4 (95 CI: 6-6.9). The prevalence of lice (pediculosis) infestation among girls was 6.1 (95 CI: 4.6-7.4) and in boys was 1.2 (95 CI: 0.8-1.7) and in rural areas prevalence was more than urban areas. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated a high incidence of pediculosis among rural school-girls. It is recommended that, creating awareness among this population is required, especially schools that do not have a health teacher. Large families, having low education among parents, must be educated about the condition and its prevention

Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide stomach cancers and their relationship with the human development index (HDI)

Objective: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-induced deaths after lung cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiology of stomach cancer incidence and mortality in 185 countries and its relationship with HDI index in 2018. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytic study that is based on extraction of cancer incidence and mortality data from World Bank Cancer in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and stomach cancer distribution maps were drawn for world countries. To analyze data, correlation test and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14 and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: Stomach cancer, with 1033701 cases (5.7% of all cancers), was the fifth most common cancer in 2018, with the highest incidence and mortality related to the Asia continent and Eastern Asia region. There was a positive and significant correlation between incidence of stomach cancer and HDI index (R=0.218, p0.05) was not statistically significant. Also, there was a positive and significant correlation between the incidence of stomach cancer with MYS (r=0.19, p<0.05), LEB (r=0.22, p<0.05) and EYS (r=0.25, p<0.05) and there was a negative and significant correlation with GNI (r=-0.19, p<0.05). Conclusions: Considering that stomach cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, it is important to investigate the risk factors of this disease in the countries of the world. According to the results of this study, paying attention to the development index can be effective in reducing the mortality rate of stomach cancer

Knowledge and Attitude of Iranian Youth Toward AIDS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Iran

Inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes are the major hindrances to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude toward the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome among youths in Iran. We conducted a systematic review, searching online databases until July 2018, focusing on knowledge and attitudes about the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Iranian youths. We included the studies that aimed to determine the knowledge and attitudes of people from Iran and were conducted in the last 18 years. In total, 14 eligible papers (out of 300) were entered into the analysis, and the overall knowledge of Iranian youth toward the acquired immune deficiency syndrome was 57.6 (95 CI: 56.7-58.5). Also, the results of Cochran's test showed the heterogeneity of the studies (Q=1578.2, df=13, I2=79.4, p<0.001). We concluded that our results would guide the development of population-focused knowledge and attitude about the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Iran, which is lacking among the general public and healthcare staff. ©Carol Davila University Press

GLOBAL CANCER STATISTICS 2018: GLOBOCAN ESTIMATES OF INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY WORLDWIDE STOMACH CANCERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

Objective: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-induced deaths after lung cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiology of stomach cancer incidence and mortality in 185 countries and its relationship with HDI index in 2018. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytic study that is based on extraction of cancer incidence and mortality data from World Bank Cancer in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and stomach cancer distribution maps were drawn for world countries. To analyze data, correlation test and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14 and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: Stomach cancer, with 1033701 cases (5.7 of all cancers), was the fifth most common cancer in 2018, with the highest incidence and mortality related to the Asia continent and Eastern Asia region. There was a positive and significant correlation between incidence of stomach cancer and HDI index (R=0.218, p0.05) was not statistically significant. Also, there was a positive and significant correlation between the incidence of stomach cancer with MYS (r=0.19, p<0.05), LEB (r=0.22, p<0.05) and EYS (r=0.25, p<0.05) and there was a negative and significant correlation with GNI (r=-0.19, p<0.05). Conclusions: Considering that stomach cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, it is important to investigate the risk factors of this disease in the countries of the world. According to the results of this study, paying attention to the development index can be effective in reducing the mortality rate of stomach cancer

UV-Related Melanoma Cancer and Its Association with the Human Development Index (HDI): GLOBOCAN Sources and Methods

Background: Exposure to radiation is a major risk factor for skin cancer so that 65 to 90 of skin cancers can be attributed to the exposure with sunlight. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the association between the human development index and the incidence of UV-related melanoma. Methods: This is an ecological study. Data on the incidence of UV-induced melanoma were extracted from the GLOBOCAN estimates (GLOBOCAN 2012), and data on the human development index were extracted from theWorld Health Organization (WHO) database. Data analysis was conducted by Stata software (Ver. 14). The descriptive analysis involved mean and standard deviation. The correlation method was used to evaluate the association between the population attributable fraction (PAF) of melanoma for ultraviolet (UV) and the HDI components. A P value 0.05). In Africa, a negative correlation was observed, though it was not statistically significant (r = -0.301, P > 0.05). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant statistical relationship between the incidence of UVrelated melanoma and the levels of development (F = 25.1, P < 0.0001) so that the higher the score of HDI, the higher the incidence of this cancer. Conclusions: Since there is a positive correlation between UV-related melanoma and HDI, further attention should be paid to this risk factor, especially in countries with a high HDI to reduce the UV-induced melanoma cancer