Internet of Things for Sustainability: Perspectives in Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Future Trends

In the sustainability IoT, the cybersecurity risks to things, sensors, and monitoring systems are distinct from the conventional networking systems in many aspects. The interaction of sustainability IoT with the physical world phenomena (e.g., weather, climate, water, and oceans) is mostly not found in the modern information technology systems. Accordingly, actuation, the ability of these devices to make changes in real world based on sensing and monitoring, requires special consideration in terms of privacy and security. Moreover, the energy efficiency, safety, power, performance requirements of these device distinguish them from conventional computers systems. In this chapter, the cybersecurity approaches towards sustainability IoT are discussed in detail. The sustainability IoT risk categorization, risk mitigation goals, and implementation aspects are analyzed. The openness paradox and data dichotomy between privacy and sharing is analyzed. Accordingly, the IoT technology and security standard developments activities are highlighted. The perspectives on opportunities and challenges in IoT for sustainability are given. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of sustainability IoT cybersecurity case studies

Acyl-Lipid Metabolism

Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables

Métabolisme des acyl-lipides

National audienceAcyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.Lipides acyle dans Arabidopsis et toutes les autres plantes ont une myriade de fonctions diverses. Il s'agit notamment de fournir la barrière de diffusion de base des membranes qui sépare les cellules et les organites subcellulaires. Cette fonction implique seuls plus de 10 classes de lipides membranaires, y compris les phospholipides, galactolipides, et sphingolipides, et au sein de chaque classe, les variations dans la composition de la chaîne acyle augmenter le nombre de structures à plusieurs centaines de possibles espèces moléculaires. Lipides acyle dans le sous forme de compte triacylglycérol de 35% du poids de graines d'Arabidopsis et représentent leur forme majeure de carbone et de stockage d'énergie. Une couche de cutine et les cires cuticulaires qui limite la perte d'eau et offre une protection contre les invasions par des agents pathogènes et autres stress recouvre toute la surface aérienne d'Arabidopsis. Des fonctions similaires sont fournis par la subérine et des cires associés qui sont localisées dans les racines, les téguments et les zones d'abscission et sont produites en réponse à une blessure. Ce chapitre se concentre sur les voies métaboliques qui sont associés à la biosynthèse et la dégradation des lipides acyle mentionnés ci-dessus. Ces voies, les enzymes et les gènes sont également présentés en détail dans un site Web associé (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/ ). Protocoles et méthodes utilisés pour l'analyse des lipides Arabidopsis sont fournis. Enfin, un résumé détaillé de la composition des lipides Arabidopsis est fourni en trois chiffres et 15 tables