Impact of COVID-19 pandemic crisis and food safety system: a literature review

The new outbreak as unknown pneumonia that occurred in Wuhan province of China in December 2019, is a new coronavirus from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and has been termed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that usually cause respiratory illness. Since food plays an essential role in human health as an integral part of human life, food safety is critical in such cases. It is essential to adopt practical strategies in controlling the COVID-19 crisis. Also, extreme economic consequences and threats to human health were imposed in the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019-2021. Some studies have been published by World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, there is little information about food safety and COVID-19. Although COVID-19 transmission routes through food are not currently known, contamination through contaminated food and environmental surfaces cannot be ignored, especially in manufacturing companies, restaurants, and communities that are unsanitary. Nevertheless, World Health Organization precautions on good hygiene when preparing food, and recommends effective management of food safety during COVID-19. In food safety, COVID-19 is known as a potential risk through food especially in restaurants and industrial areas. There have been very few studies on the relationship between food safety and COVID- 19. Studies have shown that COVID-19 can survive longer than MERS-CoV in food stored at 4 °C. In the current situation, several methods are used to disinfect and control the spread of COVID-19 disease, some of which are not effective and can also have problems and limitations. Heat treatment, pasteurization, UV light-based, and chemical disinfectants can be ways to prevent COVID-19 probable transmission. The temperatures (30 or 40 °C) reduced the survival time of HCoVs on the inanimate surfaces. The cooking processes (70 °C) are effective in inactivating the virus in food. SARS-CoVs were inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet (254 nm) for 1 to 6 min with an increase of up to 400-fold. Also, usage of disinfectants can be effective for inanimate surfaces. This review summarizes the available data related to some topics and methods to inactivate COVID-19 and the role and importance of the food industry and food supply chain during the pandemic

Multi-field Cuscuton Cosmology

In this paper, we first introduce a multi-field setup of Cuscuton gravity in a curved field space manifold. Then, we show that this model allows for a regular bouncing cosmology and it does not lead to ghosts or other instabilities at the level of perturbations. More precisely, by decomposing the scalar fields perturbations into the tangential and normal components with respect to the background field space trajectory, the entropy mode perpendicular to the background trajectory is healthy which directly depends on the signature of the field-space metric, whereas the adiabatic perturbation tangential to the background trajectory is frozen. In analogy with the standard Cuscuton theory equipped with an extra dynamical scalar field, the adiabatic field does not have its own dynamics, but it modifies the dynamics of other dynamical fields like entropy mode in our scenario. Finally, we perform a Hamiltonian analysis of our model in order to count the degrees of freedom propagated by dynamical fields.Comment: 9 page

Generalized stepwise transmission irregular graphs

The transmission ${\rm Tr}_G(u)$ of a vertex $u$ of a connected graph $G$ is the sum of distances from $u$ to all other vertices. $G$ is a stepwise transmission irregular (STI) graph if $|{\rm Tr}_G(u) - {\rm Tr}_G(v)|= 1$ holds for any edge $uv\in E(G)$. In this paper, generalized STI graphs are introduced as the graphs $G$ such that for some $k\ge 1$ we have $|{\rm Tr}_G(u) - {\rm Tr}_G(v)|= k$ for any edge $uv$ of $G$. It is proved that generalized STI graphs are bipartite and that as soon as the minimum degree is at least $2$, they are 2-edge connected. Among the trees, the only generalized STI graphs are stars. The diameter of STI graphs is bounded and extremal cases discussed. The Cartesian product operation is used to obtain highly connected generalized STI graphs. Several families of generalized STI graphs are constructed

Investigation the effect of ICT and innovation on the total factor productivity in Iran’s industry sector

The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of TCT and innovation on total factor productivity () in Iranian industries from 1996-2014 by using panel data method. Amongst influential factors on productivity increase are ICT, innovation, and spillovers. Implementation of ICT like implementation of new technologies effects all sectors of economy. ICT is not only used as technology of production like traditional forms of capital but it course on increase in productivity and economic growth by substitution with other inputs. The statistical population of this survey is Iranian industries and the size of sample is 140 industries. The result of estimation indicates a positive effect from ICT on TFP. In this model the coefficient of ICT equal 0.02 which shows that a unit of increase in ICT, lead to 0.02 percent increase in TFP. Also we find that the coefficient of innovation (INNO), equal 0.04 which shows that a unit of increase in firm’s innovation, lead to 0.04 percent increase in TFP. Moreover the coefficients of LAB and INV are 0.01 and 0.003 respectively, which shows that a unit of increase in LAB and INV, leads to 0.01 and 0.003 percent increase in TFP. Keywords: Information and communication technology (ICT), Innovation, Total Factor Productivity, Panel data

Human bocavirus in hospitalized iranian adults with respiratory tract infections during January-June 2014

The epidemiology of respiratory human bocavirus (HBoV) infection has not been described in Tehran's adult and to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics associated with HBoV infection, a population of adults hospitalized with respiratory tract infections were chosen. Throat swab samples were collected from 91 hospitalized adults aged between 29 to 91 year and Real-time PCR TaqMan was used to screen specimens by amplifying a part of the NP1 gene. HBoV was detected in 6 adults (6.6). Mean age was 76 years and 67 of patients were female. The most common symptoms were wheezing (100), tachypnea (100), cough (100), rhinorrhea/pharyngitis (83.33) and fever (83.33) which clinically diagnosed by a physician. Gastrointestinal symptoms was present only in 1 patient (16.6). In our study the distribution of HBoV was influenced by temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. HBoV is circulating in Tehran and is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract disease in adults

Virtual reality training and pain neuroscience plus motor control on pain, disability, health, and quality of life of women with non-specific chronic back pain

Background: Non-specifi c chronic low back pain is defi ned as a complex disorder involving structural, biomechanical, cognitive, psychological, social, and lifestyle factors. This randomized clinical trial study compared the effects of 8-week Virtual Reality Training (VRT) and pain neuroscience plus motor control training (PNE/MCT) on pain, disability, health, and quality of life of women with non-specifi c chronic back pain. Methodology: This research is a single-center parallel RCT. Thirty-six participants participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: VRT (G1) and PNE/ MCT (G2), both with 18 women. The training was performed for eight weeks for 45 minutes – 60 minutes. The VRT was applied by Oculus Quest 2. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), general health (GHQ-28), and quality of life (QOL- WHO) were assessed before and after eight training weeks using a withinbetween group analysis (ANOVA 2×2). Results: Before training, no difference was observed between the groups (p > 0.05). After the intervention, both groups improved VAS, disability, GHQ, and QOL (all p < 0.001). In the comparison between the groups, the G1 had a better performance according to the p-value and effect size in anxiety (p = 0.001, ES= 0.71), depression symptoms (p = 0.03, ES: 0.25), physical health (p = 0.03, ES: -0.24), mental health (p = 0.001, ES: 0.66), and total QOL (p = 0.048, ES: 0.21) than G2. Conclusion: Despite the effectiveness of both interventions, VRT improved the general health and quality of life in women with NSCLBP more than PNE/MCT.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio