63 research outputs found

    Les nématodes phytoparasites associés à la culture de la vigne au Maroc

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    A survey was conducted to identify the main plant-parasitic nematodes associated with grapevines in various regions of Morocco. The genus Xiphinema has been found in the following regions ; Ain Taoujdate, Meknes, Ben Slimane and Ouled Ben Hamadi. Two species of the genus Xiphinema (X. pachtaichum and X. index) were identified on grapevines. GrapeVine FanLeaf Virus (GFLV) was detected by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test (ELISA) in samples collected from Ain Taoujdate, Meknes and Ouled Ben Hamadi. The genus Meloidogyne was found in all vineyard localities surveyed. Other plant-parasitic nematodes have been identified including Pratylenchus spp. Paratylenchus spp., Tylenchus spp., Criconemoide and Helicotylenchus spp. Keywords: Nematode, virus, grapevines, MoroccoDes prospections ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es dans les diffĂ©rentes rĂ©gions vignobles du Maroc en vue d’identifier les principaux nĂ©matodes phytoparasites associĂ©s Ă  la vigne. Le nĂ©matode du genre Xiphinema a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ© dans la rĂ©gion de Ain Taoujdate, Meknes, Ben Slimane et Ouled Ben Hamadi. Deux espĂšces du genre Xiphinema (X. pachtaichum et X. index) ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es sur la culture de la vigne. Le virus de l’enroulement des feuilles de la vigne (GFLV) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ© par le test ELISA Ă  partir des Ă©chantillons provenant de Ain Taoujdate, MeknĂšs et Ouled Ben Hamadi. Aussi, les nĂ©matodes du genre Meloidogyne ont Ă©tĂ© rencontrĂ©s dans toutes les localitĂ©s vignobles prospectĂ©es. Par ailleurs, d’autres nĂ©matodes ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s, notamment : Pratylenchus spp. Paratylenchus spp., Tylenchus spp., Criconemoide spp. et Helicotylenchus spp. Mots clĂ©s: NĂ©matodes phytoparasites, virus, vignes, Maro

    Phytoparasitic nematodes associated with the cultivation of vines in Morocco

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    A survey was conducted to identify the main plant-parasitic nematodes associated with grapevines in various regions of Morocco. The genus Xiphinema has been found in the following regions ; Ain Taoujdate, Meknes, Ben Slimane and Ouled Ben Hamadi. Two species of the genus Xiphinema (X. pachtaichum and X. index) were identified on grapevines. GrapeVine FanLeaf Virus (GFLV) was detected by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test (ELISA) in samples collected from Ain Taoujdate, Meknes and Ouled Ben Hamadi. The genus Meloidogyne was found in all vineyard localities surveyed. Other plant-parasitic nematodes have been identified including Pratylenchus spp. Paratylenchus spp., Tylenchus spp., Criconemoide and Helicotylenchus spp

    Resource competitive interactions as mechanism of date palm Bayoud disease suppression

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    In Morocco, soils that are naturally suppressive to date palm Bayoud disease have long been discovered. Although suppressiveness was attributed to biological activities of indigenous microbes, our knowledge on the specific mechanisms underpinning this property remains limited. In this study, we investigated nutrient competition between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the causal agent of Bayoud disease, and saprophytic Fusarium as a factor of disease suppressiveness/conduciveness in suppressive and conducive soils. Growth of pathogenic and saprophytic Fusarium isolates from one suppressive and one conducive soils on 95 carbon sources was assessed. Fusarium isolates exhibited distinct nutrient use profiles and varied significantly with soil in carbon utilization. Isolates from the suppressive soil had significantly the greatest resource use efficiency, followed by the pathogenic isolates that grew significantly faster than the isolates from the conducive soil. Data on nutrient niche overlap showed that the pathogen is outcompeted by saprophytic Fusarium populations in the suppressive soil and outcompetes those in the conducive soil. Taken together, our results provide insight into the role of competition for carbon resources among pathogenic and saprophytic Fusarium communities as a driving factor in soil suppressiveness/conduciveness. This finding may also open novel research paths and offer opportunities for the development of biocontrol techniques against Bayoud disease in Moroccan date palm groves. Keywords: Date palm, Bayoud disease, nutrient competition, disease suppressio

    Determination of Tylenchulus semipenetrans biotype in five citrus growing areas in Morocco

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    Un essai a Ă©tĂ© menĂ© sous tunnel plastique Ă  l’INRA de KĂ©nitra (El Menzeh) en vue de caractĂ©riser les diffĂ©rents biotypes du nĂ©matode des agrumes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) existants dans les vergers marocains. Les plantes hĂŽtes diffĂ©rentielles utilisĂ©es dans ce test sont le citronnier Ă©pineux (Poncirus trifoliata), le bigaradier (Citrus aurantium), la vigne (Vitis vinifera) et l’olivier (Olea europaea). Les diffĂ©rentes plantes hĂŽtes ont Ă©tĂ© inoculĂ©es par une suspension de 10.000 d’Ɠufs et juvĂ©niles de deuxiĂšme stade de T. semipenetrans des rĂ©gions du Gharb, Loukkos, Haouz, Moulouya et Souss-Massa. Les diffĂ©rentes populations de T. semipenetrans ont montrĂ© une forte capacitĂ© Ă  se multiplier sur le bigaradier et aussi sur la vigne, contrairement Ă  l’olivier et le P. trifoliata. Le taux de reproduction (TR) des diffĂ©rentes populations de T. semipenetrans sur le porte-greffe P. trifoliata et l’olivier est infĂ©rieur Ă  1, contrairement au bigaradier et la vigne oĂč ce taux de reproduction est supĂ©rieur Ă  1. Ces rĂ©sultats indiquent que les cinq populations de T. semipenetrans des rĂ©gions du Gharb, Loukkos, Haouz, Moulouya et Souss- Massa appartenant au biotype MĂ©diterranĂ©en. Mots-clĂ©s: NĂ©matode des agrumes, rĂ©gions, Plantes hĂŽtes, Biotype MĂ©diterranĂ©en.The biotype of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) from Morocco was determined using differential plant hosts, namely trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), grape (Vitis vinifera) and olive (Olea europaea). The study was conducted under greenhouse conditions with 5 replicates. Nematodes from regions of Gharb, Souss-Masssa, Haouz, Loukkos and Moulouya were extracted from roots and inoculated to hosts with 10.000 eggs and juveniles per plant. Reproductive factors were less than one for Poncirus trifoliate and olive for all populations. Result of differential-host experiment showed that all five T. semipenetrans populations belong to the Mediterranean biotype. Keywords: Citrus nematode, regions, Differential host test, Mediterranean biotype

    Effet de l’irrigation sur la reprise des jeunes plants d’arganier aprùs transplantation au terrain

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    Le prĂ©sent travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre du programme de recherche d’appui au ‘’Projet Arganier’’. Il est coordonnĂ© par l’association Agrotechnologies du Souss-Massa-Draa (Agrotech) en partenariat avec un consortium de chercheurs sur l’arganier. Ce travail a pour objectif de dĂ©terminer les doses et frĂ©quences d’irrigation favorables pour une meilleure reprise des plants d’arganier aprĂšs transplantation sur trois sites appartenant Ă  des zones agro-climatiques diffĂ©rentes; Taksbite sur un plateau Ă  climat ocĂ©anique, Anzad sur un piĂ©mont de montagne Ă  climat continental et Tinzert Ă  gĂ©ographie et climat montagneuse. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail ont montrĂ© que la dose de 16 L/plant et la frĂ©quence d’un mois sont recommandĂ©es sur le site de Taksbite. Cependant, sur le site d’Anzad, ces rĂ©sultats ont dĂ©montrĂ© que la dose de 36 L/plant et les deux frĂ©quences; 1 et 2 mois sont conseillĂ©s. De mĂȘme, la dose de 35 L/plant et la frĂ©quence de 2 mois se sont montrĂ©es plus efficientes sur le site de Tinzert. Enfin, cette expĂ©rimentation a mis en Ă©vidence l’existence d’une grande hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© au sein de cette population, due principalement Ă  sa grande diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique et son adaptation aux conditions agro-climatiques de chaque site de plantation. Mots clĂ©s : Arganier, irrigation, rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rationThis work is part of the research program supporting the ‘’ Argan Project ‘’. It is coordinated by the Agrotechnologies Association of Souss-Massa-Draa (Agrotech) in partnership with a consortium of researchers on the argan tree. The purpose of this work is to determine the favorable doses and frequencies of irrigation for a better recovery of argan plants after transplantation in three sites belonging to different agro-climatic zones; Taksbite on an ocean climate plateau, Anzad on a mountain foothill with continental climate and Tinzert with a mountain geography and climate. The results of this work showed that the dose of 16 L/plant and the frequency of one month are recommended for the Taksbite site. However, on the Anzad site, results demonstrated that the dose of 36 L/plant and both frequencies, 1 and 2 months, are recommended. Similarly, the dose of 35 L/plant and the frequency of 2 months were more efficient at the Tinzert site. Finally, this experiment revealed the existence of a great heterogeneity within argan population mainly due to its great genetic diversity and its adaptation to the agro-climatic conditions of each plantation site.  Keywords:  Argan tree, irrigation, regeneratio

    Diversité des nématodes phytoparasites associés à la culture du framboisier dans la région de Souss-Massa

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    Several surveys were conducted in Souss-Massa region in order to assess the diversity and incidence of the main nematodes associated with raspberry grown in greenhouses. Soil samples were collected from raspberry greenhouses located in the provinces of Biogra, Khmis Ait Amira and Belfaa. Twelve nematode genera were identified on raspberry. In terms of abundance and frequency, three plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Helicotylenchus spp.) were dominant in all the surveyed provinces. The following species were identified from randomly selected specimens: Pratylenchus penetrans, P. thornei, Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and Ditylenchus dipsaci. The average density of Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus does not exceed 4 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil in the three surveyed provinces. Ectoparasitic nematodes, Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp. and Trichodorus spp. were very poorly represented, with average densities not exceeding 2 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. These results provide basic information to develop control strategy against the main plant-parasitic nematodes on raspberry. Keywords: Nematode, Raspberry, Souss-Massa, MoroccoDes prospections ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dans la rĂ©gion de Souss-Massa en vue d’évaluer la diversitĂ© et l’incidence des principaux nĂ©matodes associĂ©s Ă  la culture du framboisier. Des Ă©chantillons de sol ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s au niveau des serre de framboise situĂ©es dans les provinces de Biogra, Khmis Ait Amira et Belfaa. Douze genres de nĂ©matodes phytoparasites ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s sur framboisier. Les trois genres, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus et Helicotylenchus sont les plus frĂ©quents dans la totalitĂ© des Ă©chantillons analysĂ©s. Les espĂšces suivantes ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es parmi des spĂ©cimens choisis au hasard: Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus thornei et ditylenchus dipsaci. La densitĂ© moyenne des Meloidogyne et Pratylenchus ne dĂ©passe pas les 4 nĂ©matodes par 100 cm3 de sol dans les trois provinces. Cette densitĂ© reste sous le seuil de nuisibilitĂ©. Les nĂ©matodes ectoparasites, Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp. et Trichodorus spp. ont Ă©tĂ© trĂšs faiblement reprĂ©sentĂ©s, avec des densitĂ©s moyennes ne dĂ©passant pas 2 nĂ©matodes par 100 cm3 de sol. Ces donnĂ©es fournissent des informations utiles pour orienter les programmes de prĂ©vention et de lutte contre ces bio-agresseurs de framboise. Mots clĂ©s: NĂ©matode, framboise, Souss-Massa, Maro

    The efficiency of Thymus vulgaris against citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans

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    Tylenchulus semipenetrans is considered one of the most destructive plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in citrus. Chemical nematicides are often used to reduce PPNs population, although the continuous use of these compounds causes negative environmental impacts, necessitating the adoption of eco-freindly strategies. The present study aimed at assessing the potential of the aqueous extracts of Thymus vulgaris in the biological control against the citrus nematode T. semipenetrans in terms of juvenile J2 mortality and egg hatch inhibition. Obtained results showed that Thymus vulgaris exhibited high toxicity against T. semipenetrans. Indeed, the juvenile mortality ranging between 11.22% and 49.28 % after 24h of incubation, and the egg hatch inhibition varying between 5.33% and 26.66% after 96h of incubation increased steeply with increasing extract concentration and incubation period reaching complete egg hatch inhibition after 144h of incubation at extract concentration of 10%. As a result of this study, T. vulgaris can be used as a healthy nematicidal product highly effective against T.semipenetrans

    Effet de la durĂ©e d’exploitation de la culture du safran, installĂ©e Ă  diffĂ©rentes densitĂ©s, sur la production et la multiplication des cormes «semences» dans la rĂ©gion de Taliouine

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    In Taliouine region, the expansion of saffron cultivation requires the availability of good quality corms as propagated material. It is essential to establish an on-farm multiplication scheme to optimize corms production. A multi-year experiment over 5 seasons was carried out to study saffron behavior, planted at different planting densities (35, 50 and 100 corms/m2) in comparison with the traditional planting method (150 corms/m2), in local conditions of Taliouine. The results showed that low planting densities (35 and 50 corms/m2) favored higher multiplication rates of replacement corm and the number harvested was significantly similar to high planting density and to the traditional method. Nevertheless, the latter methods have produced low-weight replacement corms because of the negative effect on their sizes. On the other hand, in the case of low densities, 65% and 75% of corms had a satisfactory size, ensuring good production of saffron spice. Finally, we conclude that production and multiplication of corms “seeds” is directly related to the choice of planting density and expected yield of stigmas and corms according to the age of this perennial crop. Keywords: Saffron, corm, planting density, multiplication, TaliouineDans la rĂ©gion de Taliouine, le projet d’extension des superficies de la culture du safran suscite la question de la disponibilitĂ© des cormes-semences de bonne qualitĂ©. Il est primordial de dresser un schĂ©ma de multiplication en plein champ et d’optimiser la production des cormes «semence». Une expĂ©rimentation pluriannuelle, sur 5 saisons, dont l’objectif est l’étude du comportement d’une safraniĂšre installĂ©e Ă  diffĂ©rentes densitĂ©s (35, 50 et 100 cormes/m2) en comparaison avec le mode traditionnel (semis en poquet Ă  150 cormes/m2), a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© dans les conditions du terroir de Taliouine. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les densitĂ©s de plantation lĂ©gĂšres (35 et 50 cormes/m2) ont engendrĂ© des taux de multiplication supĂ©rieurs et un rendement en nombre de cormes rĂ©coltĂ©s significativement semblables au cas des hautes densitĂ©s et de la mĂ©thode traditionnelle de semis. NĂ©anmoins, ces derniers cas ont engendrĂ© une production de cormes de remplacement de faibles poids et un effet nĂ©gatif sur leurs calibres. Dans le cas de faibles densitĂ©s, 65% et 75% des cormes ont un diamĂštre commercial supĂ©rieur assurant une bonne production de safran Ă©pice. La production et la multiplication des cormes de safran est directement liĂ©e au choix de la densitĂ© et du rendement escomptĂ©. Mots clĂ©s: Safran, corme, densitĂ© de plantation, multiplication, Taliouin
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