The antinociceptive effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of leave Mentha pulegium in formalin test in male rat

Background and aim: Drug researchers believe that pain relief medicines, because of their side effects and in some cases because of their inabilities are not useful. Therefore, it is necessary to do more research to find out new antinociceptive drugs. In the present study, antinociceptive effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Mentha pulegium leave has been evaluated in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male wistar rats, in the weight range of 220- 230 g were used. Antinociceptive response was evaluated by formalin test in five groups of 8 animals. Three experimental groups received 3 different doses of hydro alcoholic extract from the leaves of Mentha pulegium (400, 800, 1600 mg/kg, respectively). Sham group received distilled water and formalin only and the control group received no drugs. The extracts were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.), 15 minutes before the formalin test. Minutes 0-5 and 15-60 were designated as the acute and chronic phase of pain, respectively. After recording behavioral responses, the average pain scores in experimental groups and control group were statistically evaluated using t-test and Tukey’s test. Results: A significant difference was seen in mean pain scores between 3 experimental groups in the acute stage of formalin test. In the chronic stage, the only significant difference was seen between the experimental group which had been received 1600 mg/kg Mentha pulegium and two other groups (sham and control group) (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this research, the hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves of Mentha pulegium reduces the pain in the acute stage more than chronic stage. However, more research is needed to find out the effective antinociceptive compounds in Mentha pulegium

The effect of cabergoline on level of liver enzymes

زمینه و هدف: به علت اهمیت نقش کبد در ارتباط با متابولیسم داروهای شیمیایی و سنتز پروتئین های پلاسما و استفاده زیاد از داروی کابرگولین در درمان بیماری هیپرپرولاکتینمیا، پارکینسون و برخی اختلالات دیگر این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر داروی کابرگولین بر غلظت پلاسمایی آنزیم های کبدی و پروتئین های سرم انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 40 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ از نژاد ویستار به 5 گروه 8 تایی تقسیم شدند. گروه های تجربی 1 و 2 و 3 به ترتیب مقادیر 1، 5/0 و ( (mg/kg 1/0 دارو را دریافت کردند. گروه کنترل هیچ دارویی دریافت نکرد و گروه شاهد فقط آب مقطر (حلال دارو) دریافت کرد. تجویز دارو به صورت زیر پوستی و به مدت 14روز انجام شد. بعد از پایان دوره آزمایش نمونه های خونی از کلیه گروه ها تهیه و آنزیم های کبدی شامل آلانین ترانس آمیناز (ALT)، آسپارتات ترانس آمیناز (AST)، آلکالین فسفاتاز (ALP)، آلبومین و پروتئین توتال اندازه گیری شد. نتایج به دست آمده از آزمایشات بوسیله آنالیز آماری غیر پارامتری (K Independent Sample) تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: بین گروه های تجربی دریافت کننده مقادیر مختلف دارو و گروه کنترل اختلاف معنی داری در میزان آنزیم های ALT و AST مشاهده نگردید. میزان آنزیمALP در گروه های دریافت کننده مقادیر 5/0 و حداکثر یک میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم (7/28±471 و 06/53±474) نسبت به گروه کنترل (64/31±551) کاهش معنی داری را نشان داد (05/0

Effects of Silybum marianum Aqueous Extract and L-carnitine on Stereological Changes in Diazinon-Treated Rat Liver

As an organophosphorus, Diazinon (DZN) impairs liver tissue function by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and causing oxidative stress. In this study, the effects of Silybum marianum aqueous extract (SMAE) and L-carnitine (LC) on the stereological and histopathological changes of the liver in DZN-treated male rats were investigated. The rats in this study were placed into 9 groups of 8 each containing control, placebo, and a combination of DZN, SMAE, and LC. The animals received SMAE and chemicals orally for 30 days. At last, the liver tissue of all animals was removed. Then, tissue sections from the liver were provided to study the stereological markers including liver volume and weight, hepatocytes’ volume, central venous volume, sinusoidal volume, connective tissue volume, inflammation rate, and a number of the hepatocytes’ nuclei. Also, the sample tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Treatment with DZN significantly reduced the liver volume and weight, hepatocyte volume, central venous volume, sinusoidal volume, and hepatocyte nucleus number compared to placebo and control but it significantly increased the inflammation and volume of liver’s connective tissue. However, co-administration of SMAE and LC with DZN improved liver volume and weight, hepatocyte volume, central venous volume, sinusoidal volume, connective tissue volume, and hepatocyte nucleus number alone compared to the DZN treatment. Liver inflammation was also significantly decreased compared to the DZN treatment but comparing to the placebo and control groups, it increased significantly. Simultaneous administration of SMAE and LC has protective effects on liver tissue and can reduce DZN-induced liver injury in rats

Effects of Silybum marianum Aqueous Extract and L-carnitine on Stereological Changes in Diazinon-Treated Rat Liver

As an organophosphorus, Diazinon (DZN) impairs liver tissue function by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and causing oxidative stress. In this study, the effects of Silybum marianum aqueous extract (SMAE) and L-carnitine (LC) on the stereological and histopathological changes of the liver in DZN-treated male rats were investigated. The rats in this study were placed into 9 groups of 8 each containing control, placebo, and a combination of DZN, SMAE, and LC. The animals received SMAE and chemicals orally for 30 days. At last, the liver tissue of all animals was removed. Then, tissue sections from the liver were provided to study the stereological markers including liver volume and weight, hepatocytes’ volume, central venous volume, sinusoidal volume, connective tissue volume, inflammation rate, and a number of the hepatocytes’ nuclei. Also, the sample tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Treatment with DZN significantly reduced the liver volume and weight, hepatocyte volume, central venous volume, sinusoidal volume, and hepatocyte nucleus number compared to placebo and control but it significantly increased the inflammation and volume of liver’s connective tissue. However, co-administration of SMAE and LC with DZN improved liver volume and weight, hepatocyte volume, central venous volume, sinusoidal volume, connective tissue volume, and hepatocyte nucleus number alone compared to the DZN treatment. Liver inflammation was also significantly decreased compared to the DZN treatment but comparing to the placebo and control groups, it increased significantly. Simultaneous administration of SMAE and LC has protective effects on liver tissue and can reduce DZN-induced liver injury in rats

The effect of carob extract on liver function test in diabetic male rat

زمینه و هدف: دیابت یکی از شایع‌ترین بیماری های متابولیک در سراسر جهان است که با تغییرات پاتولوژیکی زیادی در ارتباط است. در این تحقیق تاثیر عصاره آبی-الکلی‌دانه‌خرنوب (Ceratonia siliqua L.) بر فاکتورهای عملکردی کبد بعد از تزریق استرپتوزتوسین بررسی شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 56 سر موش صحرایی نر بالغ از نژاد ویستار با وزن تقریبی 220-210 گرم استفاده شد که به طور تصادفی به 7 گروه هشت تایی تقسیم شدند، گروه کنترل بدون هیچ گونه تیمار دارویی، گروه شاهد که روزانه فقط آب مقطردریافت نمودند، گروه کنترل تیمار شده با عصاره آبی-الکلی دانه خرنوب به میزان mg/kg600، گروه کنترل دیابتی که فقط استرپتوزتوسین دریافت کردند و گروهای تجربی 1 و 2 و 3 که علاوه بر دیابتی شدن به ترتیب روزانه مقادیر 150 و 300 و 600 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم عصاره آبی-الکلی دانه خرنوب را به صورت گاواژ، به مدت 16 روز دریافت کردند. در پایان دوره آزمایش از همه گروه ها نمونه خونی تهیه گردید و میزان آنزیم های آلانین آمینوترانسفراز، آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز، آلکالین فسفاتاز، پروتئین توتال و آلبومین اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آماری آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و تست تعقیبی LSD تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: میزان آنزیم های آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز، آلانین ترانسفراز و آلکالین فسفاتاز در گروه های تجربی 1 و 2 و 3 نسبت به گروه کنترل دیابتی کاهش معنی‌داری نشان دادند (05/0

Investigation of the Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone Hormones on Active Knee Joint Position Sense in Healthy Women in Different Phases of a Menstrual Cycle

Abstract The proprioceptive system is actually a sensory system based on an individual’s knowledge of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of estrogen and progesterone hormones on understanding and to recognize the proprioceptive sense the knee joint in healthy women during the menstrual cycle. Fifteen healthy women with regular menstrual cycles participated in this study. The estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated during a cycle in the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases. The effect on the sense of perception and cognition of the proprioceptive knee joint in two directions (extension and flexion), by target angle reconstruction at 30° was studied. The results showed that female sex hormones affect the knee active Joint Position Sense (JPS). In the extensions, the changes of the menstrual cycle affect the JPS in constant error during the ovulation phase. In the flexion, changes in the menstrual cycle affect the JPS in constant, absolute, and variable error during the luteal phase. The findings of this study show that the menstruation phases can change the active JPS at knee joint. Since the outbreak of joint problems, especially in the knee joint, is higher in women than in men, it was predicted that hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect the proprioceptive cognition of the knee joint, which in turn increases the percentage of knee injuries in women

Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Aqueous Extract on the Levels of Hepatic Enzymes, Biochemical Parameters, and Histological Changes in Male Wistar Strain Rats Following Treatment with Streptozotocin

Introduction: Diabetes induces leakage of hepatic enzymes from cytosol into the circulation and increases the plasma levels of these enzymes. In this study, the impacts of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) aqueous extract on the levels of liver enzymes, biochemical parameters, and histological changes in male rats were assessed following induction of diabetes by Streptozotocin. &nbsp; Materials & Methods: 42 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: the control (left untreated), diabetic control (received 70 mg/kg Streptozotocin once at the beginning of the experiment), the experimental groups 1 and 2 (daily received 250 and 500 mg/kg ginger aqueous extract, respectively), the experimental groups 3 and 4 (first received streptozotocin once, and then a daily dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg extract). Oral administration of aqueous extract continued over a period of two months. 48 hours after the last administration, blood samples were prepared and used for measurement of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum levels of albumin and total protein. Also, hepatic histological study was carried out in hematoxylin-eosin staining method. &nbsp; Findings: The serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALK enzymes in diabetic control group (recipient of 70mg/kg Streptozotocin) and the AST enzyme concentration in experimental group 2 (recipient of 500 mg/kg Ginger extract alone) increased significantly compared to the control group &nbsp;(p<0.05). In contrast, the levels of ALT and ALP enzymes declined significantly in experimental group 1 (recipient of 250mg/kg extract alone) relative to the control p (< 0.05). Serum concentrations of total protein and albumin reduced significantly in the experimental group 2 in comparison with the control group. Also, In experimental groups 3 and 4 (recipient of 250 and 500 mg/kg ginger extract and streptozotocin) relative to the diabetic control group, the levels of AST , ALT and ALP indicated a significant reduction, while the concentration of total proteins increased significantly in experimental group 3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (p < 0.05). Finally, histological study revealed cellular necrosis, cellular inflammation, and vacuolar fat accumulation, disintegration of portal spaces and formation of large intercellular spaces in diabetic control relative to the control group. Such disorders were less significant in groups receiving streptozotocin along with 500mg/kg doses of extract compared to the group receiving streptozotocin alone. &nbsp; &nbsp;Discussion & Conclusions: Due to the presence of compounds such as gingerol, shoagol, and anthocyanins, ginger aqueous extract can possibly reduce hepatic toxicity caused by streptozotocin and improve the serum levels of liver enzymes