High Data Rate Wireless Communication Using MIMO

Wireless communication is the most popular and rapidly growing sector of the commu-nication industry. The permitted bandwidth for every service is very limited and the demand of data transferring is increasing day by day. Moreover, the channels are further limited by multipath and fading. Hence, it is a big challenge to provide excellent quality of service and meet the growing demand with the existing bandwidth limitation. MIMO is one very promising technique to enhance the data rate. Fading has been considered as problem for high quality with low outage wireless com-munication. However, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna has used this fading phenomenon not only to mitigate the fading but also to exploit this fading to obtain high data rate through spatial multiplexing. In this thesis, MIMO spatial multiplexing has been studied in details. Different MIMO channel models, space time coding, and channel capacity constraints as well as the fac-tors those limits the capacity are studied. One major aim of this study is to find a com-bined optimal solution for MIMO system so that it could provide high rate data transfer.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

National Differences In Investors Responses To Corruption: An International Comparison

This paper looks into the differences in responses to corruption by foreign investors. Statistical analysis highlights such differences for 17 major investing countries. Those differences appear to be related to home countries own level of corruption, their size and experience in foreign investing

Corruption And Foreign Direct Investment: What Have We Learned?

Over 25 years of research pertaining to corruption and FDI rendered valid and interesting findings.  We comment on these results to demonstrate that gradually the researchers develop a more detailed perspective on the significance of various dimensions of corruption and characteristics of the actors involved. Learning that corruption does not exert a uniform negative impact upon FDI, regardless of circumstances, leads to the formulation of the future research agenda

The Bottom Of The Pyramid: Key Roles For Businesses

The poor at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) has traditionally been viewed as an unattractive segment for businesses. The lack of interest has led to various proposals to increase company participation. At the same time there is also a renewed focus on how to reduce or eliminate poverty. Companies are asked to seriously consider both objectives: making a profitable operation and eradicating poverty. For businesses, the poor can be viewed as consumers, suppliers, and employees.  Each of these areas presents different challenges which are discussed. Finally, recommendations are presented to address the issues and to make the companies more effective

Monetary Policy Announcements and Market Interest Rates in Pakistan: An Event Study Approach.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of monetary policy (MP) announcements on market interest rates at different nine maturities (1/Week, 2/Week, 1/Month, 3/Months, 6/Months, 9/Months, 1/Year, 2/Years and 3/Years) in Pakistan. The Event window of 11 days and an estimation window of 250 days have been used for analysis. The study did not find significant evidence of ARCH effect in market interest rates at (1/Year, 2/Years and 3/Years) maturities. However, there is evidence of significant abnormal returns which shows a positive impact of monetary policy announcements on market interest rates at different nine maturities. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Market Interest Rates, Normal Rates, Abnormal Rates, GARCH, ARIM

Momentum Effect: Empirical Evidence from Karachi Stock Exchange

Capital market efficiency and the prediction of future stock prices are the most thought-provoking and ferociously debated areas in finance. The followers of traditional financial theory strongly believe that the markets are efficient in pricing the financial instruments. This view became popular after Fama’s work on the Efficient Market Hypothesis. But before 1990s, wide-ranging financial literature documented that stock prices, to some extent, are predictable. Many psychologists, economist and the journalists are of the view that general tendency of individuals is to overreact to the information. De Bondt and Thaler (1985) studies this view of experimental psychology that whether such behaviour matters at the market level or not. They found out that stock prices will overreact to information, and suggested that contrarian strategies buy the past losers and sell the past winners, earn abnormal returns. They extended the holding period from 3 to 5 years and provide the evidence of long term returns reversal. Jegadeesh (1990) and Lehmann (1990) supported the evidence of return reversal in short term, i.e. from one week to one month. They suggested that the contrarian strategies having holding period of one week to one month earned the significant abnormal return. Lo and Mac Kinalay (1990) objected on the ground that a major portion of this abnormal return, reported by Jegadeesh (1990) and Lehmann (1990), is due to the delayed reaction of stock prices to common factors rather than to overreaction. Some other researchers pointed out some other reasons of this abnormal stock returns i.e. short-term pressure on stock prices and absence of liquidity in the market rather than overreaction

Light Manipulation in Multilayer Metamaterials

Light manipulation has become much more sophisticated with the development of artificial metamaterials. Here, I have studied multilayer thin film-based hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM) in both planar and cylindrical formations. First, the planar HMMs are used as epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) substrates to control the spectral position of plasmonic resonance. The resonance shift is reduced three times on top of HMM compared to a glass substrate. Next, the thin films are rolled to form three-dimensional (3D) rolled-up tubes (RUT) using a strained induced self-rolling mechanism. The RUTs offer flexibility to use a broad range of materials for rolling by using photoresist and germanium as a sacrificial layer. The RUTs are fabricated with different diameters ranging from ∼1 µm to 10 µm by simply changing the thicknesses of dielectric and metal layers. The walls of the RUTs offer tunable material dispersion and can be used as 3D ENZ metamaterials. While, the core of these RUTs can be used as waveguides, which can support the ENZ mode. The modeling manifests that the material dispersion is a function of the thicknesses of the layers and the number of turns and ENZ mode is very sensitive to the diameter of the RUT. Finally, the upper side of the RUT is patterned to form 3D fishnet metamaterials, which exhibit a negative index of refraction in the near-infrared region with low loss and a better figure of merit. The patterning is further upgraded to form nanohole-based metasurfaces that can control the wavefront of light. The curved metasurfaces out-perform the conventional planar metasurfaces. The large diameter of RUTs provides enough area to pattern a good number of unit cells, that can be optically characterized. The results of this thesis show that the planar HMMs can be used to effectively reduce the fabrication error for advanced metasurfaces and plasmonic applications. The cylindrical HMMs can serve as a unique platform for 3D metamaterials suitable for sensing applications, trapping biological cells, neurons, and optical trapping of particles

Down But Not Out: The Future of the Financial Services Industry

The financial services industry is a key sector of the U.S. economy. It is a noteworthy contributor to the overall gross domestic product and is an important component of the gross state product for many states. With the downturn in the economy at the beginning of this decade and the accompanying declines in stock market values, the industry has been hit hard. Asset management firms have experienced sharp decreases in their assets under management; banks and insurance companies have had to refocus their operations and have become increasingly vulnerable to acquisition. As evidence grows stronger that it is unlikely that fund managers will outperform market indexes consistently, many have started questioning the value of active asset management, thus jeopardizing the role of many players in the industry. This report provides a look at the financial services industry, including recent developments and future trends

Unveiling Long-Lived Hot-Electron Dynamics via Hyperbolic Meta-antennas

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Effects of SMS Texting on Academic Writing Skills of Undergraduate Students at a Public Sector University in Pakistan

The growing concern about the use of texting endangering the standard forms in language prompted the present research to determine the presence or absence of SMS features in the academic writing of the participants. Triangulation was used for data collection i.e. questionnaires for learners and educators and samples of the learners’ English written work were examined for SMS features. Simple average and ratio were used for descriptive analysis of the data. Contrary to the expectation, there were no significant evidences of these features in the sample. It seems being proficient in standard forms, these learners are context conscious and can switch to the appropriate register or style when writing formally .Thus the present study has demystified the popular belief about texting adversely affecting writing and thus destroying Standard English. Moreover, the evidences of one punctuation mark used in place of another indicate there can be other factors like carelessness or lack of knowledge of students and the lack of training, feedback or emphasis by educators or the system. So the matter of concern should be the general neglect of punctuation even out of the context of texting. It is found that the higher the exposure to the SMS, more the negative effect on the writing skills of the university students. The excessive use of this medium is leading students towards writing wrong spellings and using SMS language’s short abbreviations that are not standard in examinations and daily academic work that is very harmful in academia. Keywords: Orthography, Phonetic Transcriptions, SMS (texting), Writing skills DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/75-05 Publication date: January 31st 202