Influence of henna extracts on static and dynamic adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate and residual oil recovery from quartz sand

The application of surfactant flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) promotes hydrocarbon recovery through reduction of oil-water interfacial tension and alteration of oil-wet rock wettability into the water-wet state. Unfortunately, surfactant depletion in porous media, due to surfactant molecule adsorption and retention, adversely affects oil recovery, thus increasing the cost of the surfactant flooding process. Chemical-based materials are normally used as inhibitors or sacrificial agents to minimize surfactant adsorption, but they are quite expensive and not environmentally friendly. Plant-based materials (henna extracts) are far more sustainable because they are obtained from natural sources. However, there is limited research on the application of henna extracts as inhibitors to reduce dynamic adsorption of the surfactant in porous media and improve oil recovery from such media. Thus, henna extracts were introduced as an eco-friendly and low-cost sacrificial agent for minimizing the static and dynamic adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) onto quartz sand in this study. Results showed that the extent of surfactant adsorption was inversely proportional to the henna extract concentration, and the adsorption of the henna extract onto the quartz surface was a multilayer adsorption that followed the Freundlich isotherm model. Precisely, the henna extract adsorption on quartz sand is in the range of 3.12-4.48 mg/g (for static adsorption) and 5.49-6.73 mg/g (for dynamic adsorption), whereas the SDS adsorption on quartz sand was obtained as 2.11 and 4.79 mg/g at static and dynamic conditions, respectively. In the presence of 8000 mg/L henna extract, SDS static and dynamic adsorption was significantly reduced by 64 and 82%, respectively. At the same conditions, the residual oil recovery increased by 9.2% over normal surfactant flooding. The study suggests that the use of henna extracts as a sacrificial

Simulation study of polymer flooding performance : Effect of salinity, polymer concentration in the Malay Basin

The major problem of the water flooding development process is the flood process's high mobility and viscous fingering. Previous studies have shown that polymer flooding is viable and can recover bypassed oil. However, the mechanism of the polymer flooding process is still tenuous in literature. Therefore, in this study, a two-dimensional model was used to simulate polymer flooding and forecast the mechanism of the polymer flood in the presence of electrolytes. Likewise, the effect of pH, pressure, and temperature on the polymer flooding process was investigated. Thereafter, the model was validated with an independent set of experimental data from the literature. The results show that the polymer flooding mobility ratio (M) was 0.36 indicating a favorable mobility control, thereby improving oil recovery by 60% of original oil in place (OOIP). In comparison, to water flooding mobility ratio of 3.6, which was greater than 1, thus resulted in viscous fingering, early water breakthrough, and oil recovery of 36% OOIP. Besides, at high salinity concentrations, the polymer adsorption was 3.3 mg/g compared to 2.2 mg/g from the experimental results. This indicates that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results at the same concentration. Likewise, the simulation and experimental studies suggest high oil recovery was obtained at a higher injected pore volume. Finally, it can be concluded from this study that mechanical trapping and adsorption of the polymer on the pores of the porous media were the dominant mechanisms during the polymer flooding

Evaluation of performance energy collection using five types of solar flat plate collector

Solar radiation is emitted from the sun and collected on the surface of the earth by solar collectors. Solar energy can be transformed into useful energy in the structure of thermal power. One of the foremosteconomic always is to reapheat by exploitationsolar Flat Plate Collector (FPC). The solar collector's function is to heat water from the atmosphere. Heated water can be used for domestic and industrial uses, etc. The types of FPCs involved in this study are, for the colour’s FPC (black collector versus white collector), material’s FPC (copper collector versus polypropylene collector) and glazing’s FPC (double glazing collector versus single glazing collector) by using the Energy Solar Trainer. The present work is aimed to predict the performance of FPC tested for three different days with different types of FPC using an application of water heating The sky was almost clear with an ambient temperature in the range 20o C-36.2o C. Readings are collected from 9.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. with the solar radiation intensity, I = 722 W/m2 and flow rate fixed at 2 Lm-1. The result shows that the efficiency of FPCs (colour, material and glazing), the colour’s FPC, and black collector is higher than white collector. While for material’s FPC, copper collector is higher than polypropylene collector. For the glazing’s FPC, double glazing collector is higher than single collector. For the overall FPCs efficiency, double glazing collector is the highest compared to others FPC

Experimental investigation on the influence of temperature on the adsorption of henna extract on koalinite in reducing surfactant adsorption

The adsorption ability of henna extract as an environment-friendly and easily available sacrificial agent was investigated. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was used to characterized henna extract and kaolinite. The adsorption of henna extract on kaolinite was done using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The influence of temperature on the henna extract adsorption on kaolinite was studied. The mechanisms of the adsorption process were interpreted. Also, henna extract performances in reducing the adsorption of surfactant were assessed. The outcome shows that henna extract adsorption on kaolinite was decreased with increasing temperature. The adsorption value decreased from 7.88 to 7.04 mg/g from the temperature of 25oC to 75oC due to the increased of the kinetic energies of the henna extract molecules. A reduction of 38% of surfactant adsorption was observed and showed a profound drop in the adsorption of surfactant in the presence of henna extract suggesting a possibility to be utilized as a sacrificial agent in reducing the adsorption of surfactant

Design and development of trash trap of stream for mini hydro

The river became increasingly contaminated over the years and in the wake of rapid development in the town. The purpose of this paper is to invent and provide a trash collector for mini hydro that is readily removable so that the trashes collected can be easily disposed of. Design of the trash trap should be compatible with existing stream structures. Trash trap must prevent any trash and debris from passing through the mini hydro. Fieldwork was done at the stream river to investigate the surrounding and stream structure. The data collected were mass of trash collected with diverter and without diverter. A total of 10.0 kg of trashes were collected. The efficiency of the trash trap was calculated by the proportion of the average mass of diverted trashes by the total mass of trapped trashes. The targeted efficiency for this trash trap project is 70.0%. Based on the data collected, the efficiency of this trash trap is 84.12%. The targeted efficiency was achieved and design improvement of this trash trap will be discussed at the recommendation. In conclusion, the trash trap had been proven as a potential solution for the mini hydro machine problem, diverts and prevents most of the trashes from entering the mini hydro and blocked the turbine from rotating

Henna extract as a potential sacrificial agent in reducing surfactant adsorption onto quartz sand and kaolinite

Surfactant flooding is one of enhanced oil recovery techniques to increase oil recovery. However, the main concern of this technique is the adsorption of surfactant onto reservoir rock which can reduce the effectiveness of the surfactant in reducing interfacial tension of oil and water. In this case, surfactant adsorption is normally reduced with the help of a sacrificial agent (SA). Studies have recently discovered the potential of plant extracts as an environmentally friendly and easily available alternative to chemical SAs. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of henna extract as a SA in reducing surfactant adsorption. First, henna leaves were extracted and characterised to determine the functional groups responsible for adsorption. The ability of the henna extract to adsorb onto quartz sand and kaolinite was then analysed. Moreover, the adsorption limitation of the henna extract onto both quartz sand and kaolinite in different salinities, pH, and temperature was investigated. Finally, the performance of the surfactant adsorption onto quartz sand and kaolinite in the presence of the henna extract was evaluated. The results show that phenolic compounds are responsible for adsorption of the henna extract. Besides, twice the amount of henna extract was adsorbed onto kaolinite than quartz sand. Also, the henna extract managed to adsorb further when salinity was increased and pH was lowered. However, the adsorption of henna extract reduced with increasing temperature. The adsorption of henna extract is mainly through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attractions while hydrophobic interactions play a minor role in the adsorption process. The henna extract reduced surfactant adsorption onto quartz sand and kaolinite by 46% and 55%, respectively, in 30,000 mg/L of NaCl. At pH 3, the surfactant adsorbed onto quartz sand and kaolinite was reduced by 32% and 39% respectively. Meanwhile, at 25oC, the surfactant adsorption onto quartz sand and kaolinite was reduced by 23% and 36%, respectively. This finding proves the profound reduction in surfactant adsorption with the addition of henna extract, suggesting the possibility of utilising the extract as a sacrificial agent to reduce surfactant adsorption. In conclusion, the adsorption behaviour of henna extract in different salinity, pH, and temperature was successfully demonstrated and the henna extract was found effective as a sacrificial agent in reducing surfactant adsorption

A review study of metal oxide nanoparticles utilization in wettability alteration mechanism

Wettability is the property of rock which vital in controlling the location, flow, and distribution of fluids within a reservoir. The increases in the water-wetness will improve both sweep and displacement efficiency, consequently releasing the trapped oil within the pore space and throat of the rock. The water-wetness will lead to a favorable mobility ratio by changing the water and oil relative permeability and reducing the capillary force by decreasing the interfacial tension (IFT) of oil-water within a reservoir. On the other hand, the vast application of nanotechnology also provides the metal oxide nanoparticles as a wettability modifier, although still limited compared to silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. Hence, in this review study, the effects of several metal oxide nanofluids: aluminium oxide (Al2O3), cerium oxide (CeO2), cuprum oxide (CuO), iron oxide (Fe2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), nickel oxide (NiO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) during wettability alteration of the oil-wet rocks towards water-wet were analyzed and compared with the SiO2. The procedures for artificially modifying the wettability in laboratory experiments are also investigated, including porous media preservation and experimental conditions. The fundamentals of wettability alteration by a nanofluid, which are cleaning and coating mechanisms are presented too. Key factors such as the concentration of nanoparticle, particle size, brine salinity, and the presence or absence of surfactant were also discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of reducing the oil viscosity and increasing the brine viscosity showed that an extra mechanism could be achieved by utilizing the metal oxide nanoparticles, conversely, it was not achieved by the SiO2

Application of henna extract in minimizing surfactant adsorption on quartz sand saline condition: a sacrificial agent approach

This study examined the adsorption ability of henna extract as an environment-friendly and accessible sacrificial agent. In this study, the Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was used to characterized henna extract and quartz sand. The adsorption of the henna extract on quartz sand was executed using the ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The current study also assesses the effects of salinity on the henna extract adsorption on quartz sand, and the mechanisms of the adsorption process were interpreted. Apart from that, the ability of henna extract in reducing the adsorption of surfactant in the presence of salts were recorded. The outcome demonstrated that henna extract adsorption on quartz sand increased with the increase of salinity concentrations. Note that the adsorption value increased from 3.14 to 8.11 mg/g in 0 and 50,000 mg/L of salinity, respectively. The main mechanisms involved in the adsorption process were hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attractions. A reduction of 46% of surfactant adsorption was observed. This was a profound decrease in the adsorption of surfactant in the presence of henna extract, suggesting a possibility to be utilized as a sacrificial agent in reducing surfactant adsorption

Experimental investigation on the influence of temperature on the adsorption of henna extract on kaolinite in reducing surfactant adsorption

The adsorption ability of henna extract as anenvironment-friendly and easily available sacrificial agent was investigated. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) was used to characterized henna extract and kaolinite. The adsorption of henna extract on kaolinite was done using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The influence of temperature on the henna extract adsorption on kaolinite was studied. The mechanisms of the adsorption process were interpreted. Also, henna extract performances in reducing the adsorption of surfactant were assessed. The outcome shows that henna extract adsorption on kaolinite was decreased with increasing temperature. The adsorption value decreased from 7.88 to 7.04 mg/g from the temperature of 25oC to 75oC due to the increased of the kinetic energies of the henna extract molecules. A reduction of 38% of surfactant adsorption was observed and showed a profound drop in the adsorption of surfactant in the presence of henna extract suggesting a possibility to be utilized as a sacrificial agent in reducing the adsorption of surfactant

Utilizing natural fibre as a sustainable acoustic absorber

The availability of agricultural waste as sound absorptive materials can be used in indoor and outdoor application. This study aims the potential of natural fibre from agricultural waste as materials for measurement of sound absorption coefficient (SAC). The fibre selected in this study are oil palm, coconut and banana. The natural fibre samples were treated by alkaline treatment during processing stage. The mixture proportion with 95% of natural fibre and 5% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a binder and all the samples follow the fixed ratio of 95:5 for every weight of selected natural fibre. Then, the treated and mixed natural fibre were put into a mould for compaction process to produce diameter of 100 mm and 30 mm with thickness of 20 mm and 30 mm, respectively. All natural fibre samples were tested using Impendence Tube Method (ITM) based on ASTM E1050-09. The tests were conducted according to standard ISO10534-2 with high frequency range and low frequency. As a result, samples of coconut fibre with 20 mm thickness showed a good SAC value at low frequency which is 0.31, meanwhile oil palm fibre with 30 mm thickness attained 0.41. For high frequency testing, coconut fibre sample of 20 mm thickness resulted the highest SAC value at 0.41 and oil palm fibre sample of 30 mm thickness had the highest SAC value which is 0.81. Therefore, natural fibre showed respectable potential as an absorption material for sound reduction