Frequency Domain Analysis of Load Frequency Control Using PIDTune Model Standard

The load frequency control system aims to regulate the frequency in the electric power system at a normal value with a predetermined tolerance limit. In practice, the load frequency control system does not always operate optimally, therefore a controller is needed to be added to the load frequency control system. The controller designed is a variation of the combination of Proportional-Integral-Differential (PID) controllers with the standard model PIDTune method consisting of proportional (P) controller, proportional integral (PI) controller, proportional  differential (PD) controller, Proportional Integral Differential (PID) controller, Proportional Differential controller with first-order filter on differential section (PDF), and Proportional Integral Differential controller with first-order filter on differential section (PIDF). This study is aiming to carry out simulation and analysis in the frequency domain and then analyze the robustness of the reheat type power frequency control system and then design a PID controller for the reheat type power frequency control system in basic configuration, filter configuration, feedback configuration, feedforward configuration, and cascade configuration using PIDtune Model Standard on Matlab software. From the results of simulation and analysis, the controller that complies the design criteria and can make the reheat type of load frequency control system work optimally based on frequency domain analysis and robustness analysis is a proportional-integral (PI) controller in a feedback configuration with gain margin (Kg) equals to 38.11 dB, phase margin equals to 59.6°, infinity bandwidth, peak resonance value (Mr) equals to 1.19, maximum sensitivity peak value (MS) equals to 1.24, and complementary maximum sensitivity peak value (MT) equals to 1.17

Monte Carlo design of optimal wire mesh collimator for breast tumor imaging process.

This paper presents the modeling of breast tumor imaging process using wire mesh collimator gamma camera. Previous studies showed that the wire mesh collimator has a potential to improve the sensitivity of the tumor detection. In this paper, we extend our research significantly, to find an optimal configuration of the wire mesh collimator specifically for semi-compressed breast tumor detection, by looking into four major factors: weight, sensitivity, spatial resolution and tumor contrast. The numbers of layers in the wire mesh collimator is varied to optimize the collimator design. The statistical variations of the results are studied by simulating multiple realizations for each experiment using different starting random numbers. All the simulation environments are modeled using Monte Carlo N-Particle Code (MCNP). The quality of the detection is measured directly by comparing the sensitivity, spatial resolution and tumor contrast of the images produced by the wire mesh collimator and benchmarked that with a standard multihole collimator. The proposed optimal configuration of the wire mesh collimator is optimized by selecting the number of layers in wire mesh collimator, where the tumor contrast shows a relatively comparable value to the multihole collimator, when it is tested with uniformly semi-compressed breast phantom. The wire mesh collimator showed higher number of sensitivity because of its loose arrangement while the spatial resolution of wire mesh collimator does not shows much different compared to the multihole collimator. With a relatively good tumor contrast and spatial resolution, and increased in sensitivity, a new proposed wire mesh collimator gives a significant improvement in the wire mesh collimator design for breast cancer imaging process. The proposed collimator configuration is reduced to 44.09% from the total multihole collimator weight

Determining the ultrasound time of response using FPGA-based electronics read-out

This paper presents a system to measure accurate value of time of response (TOR) for ultrasound transducer pairs based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). In the experiment, the transmitter is set to transmit the pulse to the target object and the reflected signal is then captured by the receiver. The time taken for the signal to travel back to the receiver is measured by TOR. FPGA technology and data acquisition system were used to generate a pulse at the transmitter site. The pulse is projected directly to the targeted object and the signal that has been reflected from the object will be captured three times by the receiver. The results show that the TOR value obtained can be calculated accurately. The best TOR found in this study is the signal capture 1 with the lowest percentage error of 0.819%

Analysis of ANN and Fuzzy Logic Dynamic Modelling to Control the Wrist Exoskeleton

Human intention has long been a primary emphasis in the field of electromyography (EMG) research. This being considered, the movement of the exoskeleton hand can be accurately predicted based on the user's preferences. The EMG is a nonlinear signal formed by muscle contractions as the human hand moves and easily captured noise signal from its surroundings. Due to this fact, this study aims to estimate wrist desired velocity based on EMG signals using ANN and FL mapping methods. The output was derived using EMG signals and wrist position were directly proportional to control wrist desired velocity. Ten male subjects, ranging in age from 21 to 40, supplied EMG signal data set used for estimating the output in single and double muscles experiments. To validate the performance, a physical model of an exoskeleton hand was created using Sim-mechanics program tool. The ANN used Levenberg training method with 1 hidden layer and 10 neurons, while FL used a triangular membership function to represent muscles contraction signals amplitude at different MVC levels for each wrist position. As a result, PID was substituted to compensate fluctuation of mapping outputs, resulting in a smoother signal reading while improving the estimation of wrist desired velocity performance. As a conclusion, ANN compensates for complex nonlinear input to estimate output, but it works best with large data sets. FL allowed designers to design rules based on their knowledge, but the system will struggle due to the large number of inputs. Based on the results achieved, FL was able to show a distinct separation of wrist desired velocity hand movement when compared to ANN for similar testing datasets due to the decision making based on rules setting setup by the designer

Inspection of Mango with Machine Vision Technique

The entire project deals with development of colour detection and shape identification algorithm to detect and count the total number of mango on its tree with a camera and related MATLAB toolboxes. The conventional method in harvesting mango has its limitation which leads to the degradation of mango’s quality. Besides, the rate of production and the structure of the tree will be affected too. Nonetheless, the usage of algorithm of image processing could be employed for a better and precise mango’s farming. It differentiates the number of ripe and unripe mango based on the images captured and thus forecast the growth rate of the mango tree. Improving the rate of production as well as quality of the harvested mango are the main advantages. In short, it provides a quick review for the mango grower, agricultural developer and investo

ROS 2 Configuration for Delta Robot Arm Kinematic Motion and Stereo Camera Visualization

The Delta robot is one of the robot types that is used in agriculture and industrial application. However, before the complex physical development of the robot, a simulation needs to be developed to ensure the perfect functionality of the design. Therefore, this paper presented a development of simulation for a parallel delta robot using a Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2) environment and stereo camera visualization.  The contribution of this research is to present the development details and the proposed solution to solve issues encountered during the development. The development of script in the format of eXtensible Markup Language (XML), Unified Robot Description Format (URDF), and Simulation Description Format (SDF) are presented for describing a robot's physical structure, allowing a robotic system to be depicted in a tree structure, and defining the delta robot arm, which is made up of closed-loop kinematic chain linkage that will be simulated in Gazebo. For the results, several Gazebo plugin libraries are compared and tested for the wheels motion control, stereo camera visualization, and delta robot arm kinematic motion. From the experiment, the best method is inverse kinematic motion the method is selected and used in the simulation. The selected method resulted in an average percentage error of 3.92%, 3.72%, and 2.92%, respectively for each joint

The Evolution Of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring System For Personal Application

Glucose monitoring technology has been used by diabetic patients to monitor their blood glucose level for the past three decades. This technology is very useful for managing diet among diabetic patients. This paper reviews the fundamental technique of blood glucose detection method and the development of blood glucose monitoring systems that have been developed ever since. The most common and widely used technique is an invasive technique that requires users to prick their finger to draw the blood. However, recently a lot of new technologies have been developed for non-invasive technique to monitor blood glucose monitoring and studies in this area are growing rapidly. Among all, the optical and transdermal approach are the two most potential sensing modalities for non-invasive glucose monitoring that show a very good prospect

Comparative Study of Different Near-Infrared (NIR) Wavelengths on Glucose Concentration Detection

There are a lot of in-vitro non-invasive techniques to measure a glucose concentration and one of them is by using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In this study, the main objective is to compare the behaviour on the different wavelengths of NIR transmitter (1050 nm, 1200 nm, 1300 nm, 1450 nm, and 1550 nm) on different glucose concentration solutions (0 to 300 mg/dL) and the measurement indicates a correlation between voltage and glucose concentration. The conditional circuit of NIR transmitter and detector is designed in order for the transmitter to transmit an optimal intensity of light. Besides, it also consists of the filter and amplifier used to filter and amplify the signal from the noise on the detector side. The transmitter and detector are positioned facing each other and the cuvette that filled with glucose solution is located in between. A placeholder casing for the experimental setup is designed to reduce an external error during the data collection. The voltage outputs are recorded for every different glucose concentrations by using different transmitter wavelength. Based on the results, it shows that the voltage output reading is directly proportionate to the glucose concentrations. These behaviours are similar to all different transmitter wavelengths used. The R-square (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) for every wavelength used are varied. The result of using 1450 nm wavelength shows the best correlation between voltage outputs and glucose concentrations compared to other wavelengths with the highest value of R2. A linear equation is extracted from the fitted graph and can be used to predict the value of glucose concentrations

Modelling of Swarm Communication

Swarm communication is a communication process of sending data within a certain area via agents.. Data will be sent to all the agents in this process. This is also closely related to the way of broadcasting via “short communication” as a way to find out the data among their agents. This field involved an in -depth study of the behaviour of the agents and by using a homogeneous approach, inspect the process of sending data. This includes investigation of independence of agents and the characteristics of sending and receiving data for a random process in a swarm. In this paper, techniques useful for swarm implemented bit-communication behaviour will be presented. There are two approaches that are used to send and receive signals. The reverse approach is where data can be resend to the sender for the next cycle, where the program randomly selects the nearest agents t o send data to. While for the nonreversing approach data is not able to return to the sender in the previous cycle. The non -reversing approach can improve system performance and efficiency. This paper presents the development of a swarm communication mode l and how it can be used to illustrate the communication process