Analysis of major fragrant compounds from citrus grandis flowers extracts

Various sampling techniques such as hydrodistillation, Soxhlet extraction and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) were used to extract compounds, i.e. the active components attributed to fragrance of C. grandis flowers. Gas chromatograph mass spectrometry was then used to identify and quantify the active components obtained from the techniques. The results thus far showed that, buds and blossoms of this flower which possesses a strong floral-, jasmine- and orange-like aroma contain β-myrcene, limonene, ocimene, linalool and caryophyllene as the major compounds. In hydrodistillation technique the levels of ocimene and linalool detected in blossom were higher than in the bud at 7.37 and 15.93%, respectively, while in the bud, limonene was the highest, i.e. 4.57%. In Soxhlet extraction, however the bud was found to consist of limonene (27.25%), ocimene (5.55%) and linalool (2.97%). The performance of three available SPME fibers was compared to evaluate the recoveries of volatile compounds in C.grandis flowers and 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane was found to be the most effective

Characterization of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-α cathode powder prepared by a combined citrate-EDTA method / Abdullah Abdul Samat, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak and Nafisah Osman

The La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-α (LSCO) cathode powder was prepared by a combined citrate-EDTA method using nitrate based chemicals. Citric (CA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used as chelating agents and ethylene glycol (EG) as a polymerizing agent. The formation of metal complexes of LSCO was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Various organic compounds such as carbonyl and carbonate groups were observed in FTIR spectra. The as-synthesized LSCO powder analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed there were three stages of weight losses with a drastic weight loss observed between 150-550 ºC. A complete decomposition of intermediate compounds was observed at 800 ºC indicating the formation of metal oxide was formed. This result was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which revealed the calcined LSCO powders at 800 ºC and 900 C formed a single perovskite phase. LSCO cathode slurry was prepared by adding polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as binder. This slurry was painted on pellet surfaces of BaCe0.54Zr0.36Y0.1O2.95 (BCZY) electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed the LSCO cathode was well adhered on BCZY electrolyte. It is apparent that the binder plays an important role in making a good contact between the obtained high purity LSCO cathode and BCZY electrolyte

Role of Electrode Binder on Contact Formation between La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-? Cathode and Yttrium Doped Cerate-Zirconate Solid Electrolyte

Powder of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-? (LSCO) was synthesized by a combined citrate-EDTA synthesis route. The high purity of LSCO cathode powder as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was prepared to become cathode slurries using different electrode binders namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate (PVB), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), ethyl cellulose (EC) and ethylene glycol (EG). These slurries were separately painted on the pellet surfaces of BaCe0.54Zr0.36Y0.1O2.95 (BCZY) solid electrolyte to fabricate symmetrical cell of LSCO/BCZY/LSCO. The role of electrode binder on contact formation between LSCO and BCZY was investigated. The contact formation at LSCO/BCZY interface was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Three distinct areas corresponding to the LSCO cathode, BCZY electrolyte and LSCO/BCZY interface with free or crack/hole was observed in the SEM micrographs. The elemental compositions at these three areas were confirmed by EDS and their percentage was presented. The cells prepared with the aid of EC, EG, PVA and PVB showed poor contact between LSCO and BCZY due to the presence of the crack and/or hole (air gap) at interface except for the cell prepared with PVP. Therefore, PVP plays an important role in making a good contact between LSCO cathode and BCZY electrolyte. Keywords: La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-? cathode, BaCe0.54Zr0.36Y0.1O2.95 electrolyte, electrode binder, SEM/ED

Proccessing cerate-zirconate nanopowder at supercritical conditions via batch-wise reactor system / Nafisah Osman and Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak

Protonic conductors of ceramic perovskite-type oxides (ABO3) have captured attention of researchers worldwide for technological purpose in fuel cells, batteries, steam electrolyser, etc. The best candidate amongst them is the perovskite-type oxides of Ba(Ce,Zr)03 which is known to exhibit high mechanical and chemical stability along with good conductivity. This proton conductor is the best applicant as electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) in the presence of hydrogen and/or water vapour at intermediate temperatures (400-750 °C) There are very limited information available regarding the durability of cells based on the cerate-zirconate, for example, Y-doped Ba(Ce,Zr)03 electrolyte. Indeed, synthesizing cerate-zirconate electrolyte especially supercritical fluid method is a critical challenge as previous report has found that only 2-3 metal element can be obtained a single perovskite phase. However, to the best of our knowledge this route has not yet been carried out to synthesize ceramics compounds with four metal elements In the presence work, high-pressure-high-temperature (HP-HT) batch-wise reactor system was used to synthesise BaCeo.54Zro.36Y01O2.95 (BCZY) perovskite powder using different parameter such as reaction pressure, reaction temperature and solvent as SCF media. Considering the advantages of Wet Chemical Method (WCMs) and SCF properties, an approach towards the combination of both synthesis routes was used in this work. BCZY was synthesise by sol-gel assisted supercritical fluid method using different heating proceses. The phase formation was studied to investigate the formation of any secondary using X-ray diffractometer (XRD)

Properties of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell via Microwave Irradiation

This study describes the characteristic and thermal properties of torrefied palm kernel shell (PKS) by microwave irradiation pretreatment. The microwave power level (200, 300, 450, and 600 W) and processing time (4, 8, and 12 min) were used in this study. The pretreated samples were analyzed for mass and energy yield, calorific value, proximate and elemental composition, and thermal decomposition. Results showed that the characteristic of pretreated PKS was enhanced by increasing the microwave power level and processing the time. The oxygen content and O/C ratio of torrefied PKS were reduced by increasing the microwave power level. The carbon content of pretreated PKS, which was closed to the untreated MB coal properties with comparable calorific value, was obtained. The microwave power level of 450 W and processing time of 8 min were suitable to upgrade the PKS to a respectable quality feedstock. Thus, it can be concluded that the alteration in physical, chemical, and thermal properties of torrefied PKS discovered the potential of this feedstock to be applied in subsequent thermochemical conversion such as pyrolysis and gasification

Kesan Agen Pengkupel Multifungsi Titanat Terhadap Polipropilena Terisi Kalsium Karbonat.

Agen pengkupel titanat komersil iaitu Lica 12 yang dibekalkan oleh Kentrich Petrochemical telah digunakan dalam kajian ini untuk melihat kesannya terhadap PP berpengisi kalsium karbonat. A commercial coupling agent (Lica 12) from Kentrich Petrochemicals has been used in this study to see its effect on calcium carbonate filled polypropylene

Mechanical And Thermal Properties Of Hydroxyapatite Filled Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Composites.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) filled with hydroxyapatite (HA) filler has been widely used in biomaterial application. Acrylic denture base material was prepared from PMMA filled with HA

INDUCTION OF CALLUS FORMATION FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF Citrus grandis (OSBECK) FLOWERS

            The objectives of the present work were to study the capability of pomelo’s floral tissues to produce callus and to investigate the influence of plant growth regulators on callus induction and development. Various parts of flower namely petal, sepal, style, ovary, pistil and cup base were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with different level of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 6-Furfurylaminopurine (kinetin). It was found that different part of flowers favored different level of hormone for callus induction. The highest formation of callus were obtained from petal and sepal cultured on MS media supplemented with 1.5 mg/l kinetin. For the style and pistil, 50 ± 2.3% of the explants had developed callus when cultured on MS media supplemented with 0.05 mg/l and 0.10 mg/l BAP respectively. On the other hand, sucrose agar (SA) media alone had managed to induce callus formation from almost every part of the flowers with a success rate between 7.69 ± 0.32 to 50 ± 3.18%. Callus formation was preferred from the uncut part of flowers as shown in the study on petal with percentage of formation was 14.6 ± 0.35%

FeCl3-activated carbon developed from coconut leaves: characterization and application for methylene blue removal

In this study, coconut leaves were used as a starting material for the production of activated carbon by thermal carbonization using FeCl3-activation method. The characterization of coconut leaves-FeCl3 activated carbon (FAC) were evaluated by bulk density, ash content, moisture content, point-of-zero charge (pHpzc) analysis, iodine test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and elemental (CHNS-O) analysis. The effect of the adsorbent dosage (0.02-0.25 g), initial pH (3-11), initial dye concentrations (30-350 mg/L) and contact time (1-180 min) on the adsorption of the methylene blue (MB) at 303 K was performed via batch experiments. The Pseudo-Second Order (PSO) describes the kinetic model well whereas the Langmuir isotherm proved that adsorption behavior at equilibrium with maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 66.00 mg/g