Infectious Skin Diseases in Children in General Practice: epidemiology and management

The increasing proportion of skin diseases, especially infectious and allergic skin diseases, encountered in general practice represents a substantial part of the morbidity in children. Only limited information is available about the epidemiology of skin diseases in children in general practice and many questions in this field are still unanswered. In this thesis, after a general overview of all skin related morbidity in children in general practice, we will focus on the changes in the incidence and management of infectious skin diseases during the past decades. Moreover, we aim to identify determinants that are associated with the incidence of infectious skin diseases in children encountered in general practice in order to provide tools for improvement of general practice care and prevention of infectious skin diseases and their complications. We performed an observational study comparing data of the two Dutch national surveys. The setting of the research was general practice as, in the Netherlands, the majority of skin diseases were diagnosed and treated by general practitioners. In chapter 2 we compared incidence rates of all skin diseases presented by children aged 0 – 17 years in general practice between 1987 and 2001

IRREGULAR READINGS THAT WERE NOT ATTRIBUTED BY AL-SHAWKANI IN SURAT ANAAM AND ITS LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL IMPORTANCE (القراءات الشاذة التي لم ينسبها الشوكاني في سورة الأنعام وأهميتها اللغوية والنحوية )

The interpretation of al-Shawkani, which is called Fath al-Qadeer, contains many of the irregular readings، especially in Surah al-An’am that we are discussing. Al-Shawkani reported about this subject in sixty-eight (odd readings). He deduced in the statement of the meanings of interpretation, linguistic and doctrinal and jurisprudence and other meanings. The approach followed by Imam Al-Shawkani in his introduction to the readings was not a method of his own and different from others, but was similar to many of the interpreters، and was relying on the transfer of a lot of readings from the books of advanced interpretations and not rely on the books of the original readings such as the Altiabah book of Ibn al-Jazri and the Ithaf book of Demiate and the Almohtaseb book for Ibn Gini. In this article، the researcher explained the extent of the efforts of the Al-Shawkani in the science of readings، explaining their linguistic significance in the statement of what forms and what is their further in the interpretation of Aiat. Because the science of readings is the origin of the language and that the language and its rules are subject to the Quran. in this article, the researcher focused on the abnormal readings that Al-Shawkani did not attribute to al-An‘am with its linguistic significance. In our present era, many people do not care about abnormal readings due to the suspicion of their validity and say that there is no point in them. And a great role in all the sciences of jurisprudence interpretation or jurisprudence or the origins of jurisprudence or modernity and doctrine and language and rhetoric and other sciences, this shortening them towards their religion that they neglected the importance of these readings, all because of their distance from science and knowledge

Psychological Distress Among Health Care Workers in Health Facilities of Mettu Town During COVID-19 Outbreak, South West Ethiopia, 2020

Background: During any of the infectious disease outbreak, health care workers were at increased risk of being infected, and psychological distress was a common phenomenon. Therefore, the study aimed to assess the psychological distress related to COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Mettu town.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from May 1–15, 2020 using convenient sampling techniques among 127 health care providers during COVID-19 pandemic in the Mettu town. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Depression and anxiety were evaluated as subscales from the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Psychological distress related to COVID-19 was measured using the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R). Data analysis were done using SPSS version 24. Chi-square test was used to find the association between the outcome and demographic variables. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the significance of the association at P-value < 0.05.Result: Using IES-R scale, 40.2% of the participants reported to have the symptoms of psychological distress. The majority of the participants reported mild psychological distress (37%) followed by moderate psychological distress (29%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of psychological distress were found to be higher among health care providers who reported to have depressive symptoms, and those who used alcohol, khat and tobacco in the past 3 months shows a significant association with psychological distress.Conclusion: Our findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had exerted major psychological distress on health care providers. So the findings, seek attention for early psychological intervention needed to manage psychological distress in health care providers regarding identified factors

A post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

IntroductionDespite the prevalence of post-traumatic disorder in internally displaced persons, which is well established, and the fact that respective international organizations are working on the issues, little attention is given in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, This study aims to review the available data about the prevalence and determinants of post-traumatic stress disorders among internally displaced people in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsStudies published in the English language that have a clear outcome of interest and are available in full text were included. Six electronic databases were searched to identify published studies on the prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder among IDPs in sub-Saharan Africa. This includes PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, PsychInfo, and the Web of Science. All relevant studies till June, 2023 were assessed. The review was done as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA-2009) and registered on PROSPERO (CRD420222997111).ResultsOriginally, 33,138 articles were found in six databases, and finally, eleven studies were reviewed. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in sub-Saharan African countries was disproportionately presented in this review, ranging from 12.3% in Central Sudan to 85.5% in Nigeria. From a total of 11 studies, eight of them reported more than 50% of the magnitude of post-traumatic stress disorder, pointing to a higher magnitude of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorders in the region. The study identified numerous factors that contributed to post-traumatic stress disorder among the internally displaced population. Female gender, depression, anxiety, stress, being single, low level of educational status, experiencing or witnessing traumatic events, and psychological trauma were evidenced for their association with post-traumatic stress disorder.ConclusionThese results demonstrate a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder compared to other regions of the world. The participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, including age, being single, being female, and a low level of education, were identified as factors contributing to PTSD. Moreover, the review identified that depression, anxiety, and experiencing or witnessing traumatic events were also influencing factors for PTSD among IDPs. The concerned bodies need to reinforce the monitoring and evaluation of the mental health programs of IDPs in the region.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=299711, CRD42022299711

Increasing incidence of skin disorders in children? A comparison between 1987 and 2001

BACKGROUND: The increasing proportion of skin diseases encountered in general practice represents a substantial part of morbidity in children. Only limited information is available about the frequency of specific skin diseases. We aimed to compare incidence rates of skin diseases in children in general practice between 1987 and 2001. METHODS: We used data on all children aged 0–17 years derived from two consecutive surveys performed in Dutch general practice in 1987 and 2001. Both surveys concerned a longitudinal registration of GP consultations over 12 months. Each disease episode was coded according to the International Classification of Primary Care. Incidence rates of separate skin diseases were calculated by dividing all new episodes for each distinct ICPC code by the average study population at risk. Data were stratified for socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The incidence rate of all skin diseases combined in general practice decreased between 1987 and 2001. Among infants the incidence rate increased. Girls presented more skin diseases to the GP. In the southern part of the Netherlands children consulted their GP more often for skin diseases compared to the northern part. Children of non-Western immigrants presented relatively more skin diseases to the GP. In general practice incidence rates of specific skin diseases such as impetigo, dermatophytosis and atopic dermatitis increased in 2001, whereas warts, contact dermatitis and skin injuries decreased. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence rate of all skin diseases combined in general practice decreased whereas the incidence rates of bacterial, mycotic and atopic skin diseases increased

Association between skin diseases and severe bacterial infections in children: case-control study

BACKGROUND: Sepsis or bacteraemia, however rare, is a significant cause of high mortality and serious complications in children. In previous studies skin disease or skin infections were reported as risk factor. We hypothesize that children with sepsis or bacteraemia more often presented with skin diseases to the general practitioner (GP) than other children. If our hypothesis is true the GP could reduce the risk of sepsis or bacteraemia by managing skin diseases appropriately. METHODS: We performed a case-control study using data of children aged 0–17 years of the second Dutch national survey of general practice (2001) and the National Medical Registration of all hospital admissions in the Netherlands. Cases were defined as children who were hospitalized for sepsis or bacteraemia. We selected two control groups by matching each case with six controls. The first control group was randomly selected from the GP patient lists irrespective of hospital admission and GP consultation. The second control group was randomly sampled from those children who were hospitalized for other reasons than sepsis or bacteraemia. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A two-sided p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant in all tests. RESULTS: We found odds ratios for skin related GP consultations of 3.4 (95% CI: [1.1–10.8], p = 0.03) in cases versus GP controls and 1.4 (95% CI: [0.5–3.9], p = 0.44) in cases versus hospital controls. Children younger than three months had an odds ratio (cases/GP controls) of 9.2 (95% CI: [0.81–106.1], p = 0.07) and 4.0 (95% CI: [0.67–23.9], p = 0.12) among cases versus hospital controls. Although cases consulted the GP more often with skin diseases than their controls, the probability of a GP consultation for skin disease was only 5% among cases. CONCLUSION: There is evidence that children who were admitted due to sepsis or bacteraemia consulted the GP more often for skin diseases than other children, but the differences are not clinically relevant indicating that there is little opportunity for GPs to reduce the risk of sepsis and/or bacteraemia considerably by managing skin diseases appropriately

Realistic evaluation of ESP curriculum implementation

English for specific purposes ESP is a language learning curriculum that is inherently more complex than general English. In higher educational contexts, ESP in the preparatory year programme targets equipping undergraduates with the needed language skills to pursue their academic studies. The specific carrier content in ESP requires English language teachers to expand their professional profile to include knowledge about the specialist field. This study is concerned with evaluating ESP programme through understanding how the processes of curriculum implementation work to enable language teachers to tackle the challenge of fulfilling the learning goals in ESP.Current research on the evaluation of ESP programmes commonly measures the effectiveness of a programme in terms of its achieved learning outcomes. In contrast, the present study aims to evaluate an ESP programme in Saudi Arabia using a Realist Evaluation (RE) framework. RE was initially developed by Pawson and Tilley (1997), who argued that measuring the end product of an intervention, in this case, an educational programme, does not help us to understand why a specific programme worked or did not work for specific agents and in specific institutions. RE studies, therefore, investigate the causal mechanisms (M)—in the present study, this includes teachers’ reasoning that operates in this particular context (C) and leads to particular outcomes (O).The current study, therefore, asks in the first instance how the programme was conceptualised and meant to work by programme leads and designers (initial programme theories) and what kind of resources were designated to trigger generative responses for the desired outcomes. These theories are tested through teachers’ theorisation of their practice within the context and in response to the provided resources. From here, we return to the initial programme theories to refine them with the aim of developing models of practice in the ESP programme. Substantive theories within Csikszentmihalyi’s (1990) flow framework were then sought with a view to future incorporation into other educational contexts.The findings demonstrate that realist evaluation methodology can accommodate the complexity of ESP curriculum implementation and provide practical implications for improving the implementation process. Theorising the embedded practices helped to uncover hidden causal mechanisms located in participants’ reactions and responses to the resources that resulted from interactions with the structure and the professional community. To develop a conducive work environment for ESP teacher engagement, supportive resources that enhance flow state, such as challenge-skill balance, clear goals, and exercising control, would help ESP teachers to be totally immersed in achieving the intended learning objectives and to execute the required efforts to achieve them. The study suggests that promoting the sources of efficacy (Bandura,1997), such as activate mastery, vicarious experience, and managing affective states, may support pragmatic schemes targeting conducive ESP teaching context.<br/

Dataset supporting the University of Southampton Doctoral Thesis &quot;Realistic Evaluation of ESP Curriculum implementation&quot;

Dataset supporting the University of Southampton Doctoral Thesis &quot;Realistic Evaluation of ESP Curriculum implementation&quot;. The data includes two zipped folders: IPT_gleaning_pdf.zip IPT_testing_pdf.zip Consent_form_UQU.doc Gleaning IPT is the data for the preliminary study that preceded the main study which was based on Testing IPT data. Testing IPT is for the data used for the main study/ interviewing ESP teachers The data is accessible under CC BY license. </span