CTJ: Input-Output Based Relation Combinatorial Testing Strategy Using Jaya Algorithm

            ويكاد يكون من المستحيل اختبار كل مجموعة من المدخلات نظرًا لأن تنفيذ حالات الاختبار يتطلب وقتا طويلا للغاية. الأختبار الاندماجي هو السبيل لتخطي عقبات الاختبار الشامل من خلال أختبار كل قيم المدخلات لكل المعاملات المركبة المتعددة طرق الترتيب.   يمكن تقسيم الاختبار التجميعي إلى ثلاثة أنواع هي تفاعل القوة الموحد ، والتفاعل المتغير والقوة ، والعلاقة القائمة على المدخلات والمخرجات . ان الطريقة الاخيرة الانفة الذكر تختزل الفحص الاندماجي الى مجموعة ضمن اختيار الشخص الفاحص. معظم الابحاث في الاختبار الاندماجي طبقت في تفاعل القوة الموحدة وقوة التفاعل المتغيرة ، ومع ذلك ، هناك اهتمام قليل جدا بالعلاقة بين المدخلات والمخرجات. لذا تم اقتراح خوارزمية جايا في هذا البحث  كخوارزمية مثلي لانشاء جدول الفحص الاندماجي باستراتيجية تعتمد على العلاقة بين المدخلات والمخرجات. نتيجة تطبيق خوارزمية جايا في الاختبار الاندماجي القائم على المدخلات والمخرجات مقبولة لأنها تنتج العدد الأمثل تقريبًا لحالات الاختبار في نطاق زمني مقبول.Software testing is a vital part of the software development life cycle. In many cases, the system under test has more than one input making the testing efforts for every exhaustive combination impossible (i.e. the time of execution of the test case can be outrageously long). Combinatorial testing offers an alternative to exhaustive testing via considering the interaction of input values for every t-way combination between parameters. Combinatorial testing can be divided into three types which are uniform strength interaction, variable strength interaction and input-output based relation (IOR). IOR combinatorial testing only tests for the important combinations selected by the tester. Most of the researches in combinatorial testing applied the uniform and the variable interaction strength, however, there is still a lack of work addressing IOR. In this paper, a Jaya algorithm is proposed as an optimization algorithm engine to construct a test list based on IOR in the proposed combinatorial test list generator strategy into a tool called CTJ. The result of applying the Jaya algorithm in input-output based combinatorial testing is acceptable since it produces a nearly optimum number of test cases in a satisfactory time range

Exploring knowledge and practices regarding menstrual hygiene management among Bihari women in the Geneva Camp in Bangladesh

Background: Research into menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has been mainly based on menstruation-related knowledge and practices of women and girls in the mainstream Bangladeshi society; socially disadvantaged groups, such as the Bihari refugee women, have largely been ignored. Purpose: This study aims to assess knowledge and practices about MHM among Bihari women in the Mohammadpur Geneva Camp in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among Bihari women and girls by the trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire. The purposive sampling was applied to select 160 Bihari women aged between 15 and 49. Data were entered, cleaned, and analysed using SPSS software. Both univariate and bivariate analyses were undertaken to examine knowledge and MHM-related practices with a significance level of p<0.01. Results: Overall, most women (59.4%) had low knowledge about menstruation. More than one-quarter (27.0%) used disposable sanitary napkins. The Bihari women who did not use sanitary pads (73%) reported that they used old disposable clothes (59.83%), reusable cloths (25.64%), cotton (9.40%), or toilet tissue paper (4.27%). Around two-thirds of the women (68.0%) performed special baths and 36.9% followed socio-cultural taboos during menstruation. The bivariate analyses revealed that higher menstruation knowledge was associated with higher use of disposable sanitary napkins (low knowledge: 18.9%, high knowledge: 38.5%; p<0.01). Conclusions: The findings suggest that it is imperative for Bihari women to have adequate and appropriate menstruation knowledge so that they can maintain good menstrual hygiene practices. The findings highlight challenges experienced by the refugee women in maintaining MHM and can be used to improve women’s reproductive health and well-being and reduce the risk of reproductive tract infections (RTI) among socially disadvantaged women

Antidiabetic principle from Eclipta prostrata

The methanol extract of the whole plant of Eclipta prostrata and one of its isolated compounds, eclalbasaponin II were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 28 and 7 consecutive days, respectively. During the study, a potent antidiabetic activity was observed. Blood sugar was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced by E. prostrata extract (300 mg/kg) and eclalbasaponin II (10 mg/kg), as compared to untreated diabetic rats. Analyses of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed no significant (p < 0.001) hepatotoxicity by E. prostrata extractive in alloxan-induced diabetic rats when compared to the diabetic control rats.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Clinical Prediction of Blood Parameters Associated with Breast, Colon, Thyroid, Ovarian, and Prostate Cancer

Cancer is a cellular change caused by uncontrolled cell growth and division. This disease develops from the growth of abnormal cells that have the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between blood parameters (e.g., Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Haemoglobin&nbsp;(HGB), White&nbsp;Blood&nbsp;Cell&nbsp;(WBC), and Red&nbsp;Blood&nbsp;Cell (RBC)) and different types of cancer. Breast cancer, thyroid gland cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, brain tumors as well as other types of cancer are based on the cell of the tissue found on or in the body. Any of these types of cancer are associated with a variety of health issues that put the patient's life in danger. Performing the complete blood count (CBC) test prior to or after a cancer diagnosis is necessary as abnormalities in the body can cause blood component rates to either increase or decrease, depending on the type of cancer, the patient's physiological mechanism, and the structural component. Since the CBC test belongs to hematology, drawing a blood sample and putting it into the anticoagulant tube for testing were preferred. In this study, the blood components of almost all patients were normal except for a few of them which may be due to other medical and biological factors. There is a significant relationship between blood parameters and cancer types.&nbsp

A new estimate of carbon for Bangladesh forest ecosystems with their spatial distribution and REDD+ implications

In tropical developing countries, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is becoming an important mechanism for conserving forests and protecting biodiversity. A key prerequisite for any successful REDD+ project, however, is obtaining baseline estimates of carbon in forest ecosystems. Using available published data, we provide here a new and more reliable estimate of carbon in Bangladesh forest ecosystems, along with their geo-spatial distribution. Our study reveals great variability in carbon density in different forests and higher carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystems, followed by in hill forests and in inland Sal (Shorea robusta) forests in the country. Due to its coverage, degraded nature, and diverse stakeholder engagement, the hill forests of Bangladesh can be used to obtain maximum REDD+ benefits. Further research on carbon and biodiversity in under-represented forest ecosystems using a commonly accepted protocol is essential for the establishment of successful REDD+ projects and for the protection of the country’s degraded forests and for addressing declining levels of biodiversity

Mechanistic insight of Staphylococcus aureus associated skin cancer in humans by Santalum album derived phytochemicals: an extensive computational and experimental approaches

An excessive amount of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is commonly associated with actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by secreted virulence products that induced the chronic inflammation leading to skin cancer which is regulated by staphylococcal accessory regulator (SarA). It is worth noting that there is currently no existing published study that reports on the inhibitory activity of phytochemicals derived from Santalum album on the SarA protein through in silico approach. Therefore, our study has been designed to find the potential inhibitors of S. aureus SarA protein from S. album-derived phytochemicals. The molecular docking study was performed targeting the SarA protein of S. aureus, and CID:5280441, CID:162350, and CID: 5281675 compounds showed the highest binding energy with −9.4 kcal/mol, −9.0 kcal/mol, and −8.6 kcal/mol respectively. Further, molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the docked complexes were relatively stable during the 100 ns simulation period whereas the MMPBSA binding free energy proposed that the ligands were sustained with their binding site. All three complexes were found to be similar in distribution with the apoprotein through PCA analysis indicating conformational stability throughout the MD simulation. Moreover, all three compounds’ ADMET profiles revealed positive results, and the AMES test did not show any toxicity whereas the pharmacophore study also indicates a closer match between the pharmacophore model and the compounds. After comprehensive in silico studies we evolved three best compounds, namely, Vitexin, Isovitexin, and Orientin, which were conducted in vitro assay for further confirmation of their inhibitory activity and results exhibited all of these compounds showed strong inhibitory activity against S. aureus. The overall result suggests that these compounds could be used as a natural lead to inhibit the pathogenesis of S. aureus and antibiotic therapy for S. aureus-associated skin cancer in humans as well

Care seeking for fatal illness episodes in Neonates: a population-based study in rural Bangladesh

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Poor neonatal health is a major contributor to under-five mortality in developing countries. A major constraint to effective neonatal survival programme has been the lack of population level data in developing countries. This study investigated the consultation patterns of caregivers during neonatal fatal illness episodes in the rural Matlab sub-district of eastern Bangladesh.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Neonatal deaths were identified through a population-based demographic surveillance system in Matlab ICDDR,B maternal and child health (MCH) project area and an adjoining government service area. Trained project staff administered a structured questionnaire on care seeking to mothers at home who had experienced a neonatal death. Univariate, bivariate and binary multivariate logistic regressions were performed to describe care seeking during the fatal illness episode.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 365 deaths recorded during 2003 and 2004, 84% died in the early (0-7 days) neonatal period, with the remaining deaths occurring over the subsequent 8 to 28 days. The first resort of care by parents was a qualified doctor or paramedic in 37% of cases, followed by traditional and unqualified health care providers in 25%, while 38% sought no care. Thus, almost two thirds (63%) of neonates who died received only traditional and unqualified care or no care at all during their final illness episode. About 22% sought care from more than one provider, including 6% from 3 or more providers. Such plurality in care seeking was more likely among male infants, in the late neonatal period, and in the MCH project area.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The high proportion of neonatal deaths that had received traditional care or no medical care in a rural area of Bangladesh highlights the need to develop community awareness about prompt medical care seeking for neonatal illnesses and to improve access to effective health care. Integration of traditional care providers into mainstream health programs should also be considered.</p