Health indicators in the pilot villages of BDN in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: یکی از عوامل تأثیر گذار بر روی سلامت انسان نیازهای اساسی توسعه (Basic Development Needs=BDN) است. رویکرد نیازهای اساسی توسعه با هدف دسترسی به زندگی با کیفیت بهتر می باشد. لذا با توجه به اینکه تاکنون مطالعه ای در مورد تأثیر ابعاد این رویکرد بر سلامت مردم انجام نشده است این مطالعه با هدف مقایسه وضعیت شاخص های سلامت در روستاهای پایلوت طرح در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: این مطالعه از نوع مداخله ای (کارآزمایی میدانی) طی دوره چهار ساله از 83-1379 انجام گرفت. چهار روستا از منطقه سامان به عنوان گروه مداخله و چهار روستا در همین منطقه به عنوان گروه شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. ابتدا 1582 خانوار از هر گروه انتخاب و به منظور بررسی وضعیت موجود پرسشنامه عملکرد شاخص های سلامت شامل برخورداری خانوار از حمام بهداشتی، سیستم جمع آوری زباله، توالت بهداشتی، دفع بهداشتی فاضلاب، پروژه های درآمد زایی و اجتماعی در سال 1379 تکمیل گردید. سپس طرح رویکرد نیازهای اساسی توسعه (BDN) جهت روستاهای گروه مداخله اجرا و در سال 1383 مجدداً پرسشنامه مذکور از خانوارهای هر دو گروه تکمیل گردید و نتایج با استفاد از آزمون مجذور کای تجزیه و تحلیل و مقدار 05/0p< معنی دار تلقی شد. یافته ها: با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه کلیه شاخص های سلامت در گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل ارتقاء قابل توجهی یافتند (001/0

Designing Fabric Promotional Gift (Case Study: Sewing Machine Manufacturer)

The lack of supplies and complimentary products of factories is one of the problems that are being considered in today’s world. The souvenir set designs for sewing machine factories can be a better approach for advertisement. Environmental protection is the duty of every human being. The earth is the home of humans and all individuals must be careful in environmental protection and spend their energy and income on green environment for the community. In this context, special promotions to develop a cultural background among people gains importance. In this paper, an attempt has been made to use a fabric base to design accessories and promotional gifts (or complimentary gifts) for sewing machine factories, which can both semantically relate to the factories’ final product and be environmentally suitable. Accordingly, after conducting the examination, the designs related to the concept of factory products (e.g. form of yarn or needle) were made with reference to the research objectives, and initial sketches were drawn and printed on the cotton fabric via silk printing technique. The results revealed an improvement of concept transferred to the audience along with advertising and efficiency related to factory products. The designs were consistent with factory products and efforts were made to preserve the environment

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Application of Image Processing for Determination of Contaminant Plume in Porous Media

Determination of the extent and growth rate of contamination zones in water resources is a crucial stage in remediation studies. The process is especially complicated due to the multiplicity of the variables involved and the limited access to groundwater aquifers. The present study uses the image processing technique to define the contaminant plume and to analyze diffusivity coefficients for seepage flows in porous media. The image processing algorithm was developed in MATLAB software and the least squares method was used to solve the diffusion equation. Thus, the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients in porous media were calculated without any turbulence over wide ranges of time and place with an acceptable accuracy. Analysis and verification of the data thus obtained confirmed the accuracy of the proposed model and revealed a limited error range of less than 11%. It may, therefore, be claimed that the proposed method is an effective means for studying diffusivity. The equations for estimating diffusivity coefficients were developed as a function of both the porous media characteristics and the Péclet number.Using the equations, diffusivity coefficients in the range of 0.002 to 0.0028 m were obtained for a porous medium with a grain size varying from 0.5 to 3 mm

Improving the microbial quality and sensory properties of pasteurized sweet cream butter during refrigerated storage using chia seed ethanolic extract

Butter is a perishable food, and its microbial deterioration occurs in refrigeration conditions, leading to a reduction in shelf life and a loss of sensory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chia seed extract (CSE) on the microbial and sensory properties of pasteurized sweet cream butter at 2°C. Ethanolic extract of chia seeds was prepared and added to the butter samples in concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% (v/w), and its effects on microbiological and sensory quality were evaluated at 15-day intervals during 60-day refrigerated storage. The results indicated that the addition of 0.25% and 0.5% CSE to butter treatments decreased total viable counts by 0.25–0.6 log CFU/g, total psychrotrophic counts by 1–1.5 log CFU/g, and coliform counts by 3–4 log CFU/g compared to the control sample on days 45 and 60 of storage. Moreover, concentrations of 0.1%–0.5% CSE reduced mold and yeast counts by 1.5–2.6 log CFU/g on days 30–60 of storage compared to the control sample. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any samples during storage. CSE had a significant effect on the sensory properties (except for aroma) of the butter samples during the 60-day storage. The best color, flavor, and overall acceptance scores were assigned to the treatments containing 0.1%–0.5% CSE compared to the control sample. It could be concluded that adding 0.1% and 0.25% CSE to refrigerated and pasteurized butter can retard microbial spoilage and improve its sensory properties at the same time

In-situ Lead Removal by Iron Nano Particles Coated with Nickel

This study investigates the potential of nano-zero-valent iron particles coated with nickel in the removal of lead (Pb2+) from porous media. For this purpose, the nano-particles were initially synthesized and later stablilized using the strach biopolymer prior to conducting batch and continuous experiments. The results of the batch experiments revealed that the reaction kinetics fitted well with the pseudo-first-order adsorption model and that the reaction rate ranged from 0.001 to 0.035 g/mg/min depending on solution pH and the molar ratio of Fe/Pb. Continuous experiments showed that lead remediation was mostly influenced not only by seepage velocity but also by the quantity and freshness of nZVI as well as the grain type of the porous media. Maximum Pb2+ removal rates obtained in the batch and lab models were 95% and 80%, respectively. Based on the present study, S-nZVI may be suggested as an efficient agent for in-situ remediation of groundwater contaminated with lead