Incidence and mortality of breast cancer and their relationship to development in Asia

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of breast cancer, and its relationship with human development index (HDI) and its components in Asia in 2012. Materials and Methods: This study was an ecologic study in Asia for assessment of the correlation between age-specific incidence rate (ASIR) and age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) with HDI and its details that include: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling and gross national income (GNI) per capita. Data about SIR and SMR for every Asian country for the year 2012 were obtained from the global cancer project. We used a bivariate method for assessment of the correlation between SIR and SMR and HDI and its individual components. Statistical significance was assumed if P < 0.05. All reported P-values are two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc.). Results: In 2012, 639,824 cases of breast cancer were recorded in Asian countries. Countries with the highest standardized incidence rate (ASIR) (per 100,000) were Israel (80.5), Lebanon (78.7), Armenia (74.1) and the highest standard mortality rate (ASMR) was observed in Pakistan (25.2), Armenia (24.2), and Lebanon (24). There was a positive correlation between the ASIR of breast cancer and HDI (r = 0.556, p < 0.001), whereas there was a negative correlation between the ASMR of breast cancer and HDI (r = -0.051). Conclusions: Breast cancer incidence in countries with higher development is greater, while mortality is greatest in countries with less development. There was a positive and significant relationship between the ASIR of breast cancer and HDI and its components. Also there was a negative but non significant relationship between the ASMR of breast cancer and HDI

Epidemiological characteristics and incidence rate of brucellosis in Isfahan province, Iran, 2012

Background: Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease, which spread from infected animals to humans .This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and incidence rate of brucellosis during 2012 in Isfahan province, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed all the patients with diagnosis of brucellosis in Isfahan province during 2012. We used t and chi-square test for data analysis. The incidence rate was calculated based on per 100�000 of at-risk population. Findings: Totally, 575 patients with brucellosis were identified of which, 69.9 were men and 87.7 were from rural areas. Housewives-ranchers and children were the most and least at-risk individuals, respectively. The incidence of the disease was 11.13 per 100�000 of at-risk population in the province, 4.15 in male, 9.64 in women, 1.7 in urban areas and 12.9 per 100�000 of at-risk population ear in rural areas during 2012. In addition, there was significant association between the type of disease (new or recurrent) and county of residence and history of contact with animals (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of brucellosis in the Isfahan province was less than the national average, and this province classified to have very low incidence. In addition, there were clear differences in the geographical distribution of disease in the province. © Journal of Isfahan Medical School. All rights reserved

The status of Iran measles surveillance system in 2014

The results showed success of the health system to detect suspected cases of the measles and appropriate sampling from suspected cases that were more than expected. In addition, per every one million population of Iran in 2014, 1.27 of cases of measles were reported; that a numbers of confirmed cases observed in Afghan refugees. Low levels of immunization coverage in eastern neighboring countries and high immigration to Iran, are the main challenge of measles elimination in Iran. The gradual accumulation of susceptible individuals, due to lack of proper vaccination or failure to respond to immunization, may underlie the development of outbreaks of measles in Iran. © 2015, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved

LIVER CANCER IN THE WORLD: EPIDEMIOLOGY, INCIDENCE, MORTALITY AND RISK FACTORS

Objective: Liver cancer is the sixth common cancer and the second leading cause of death from cancer around the world. It is significantly more observable among male with its highest incidence in the age group of 45 to 60 years. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of liver cancer in the world. Materials and Methods: This review study was performed on published English studies by searching for databases PubMed, Scopus and web of science up to end of 2017. The strategy search includes key words of "Liver cancer", " Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)", "Epidemiology", "incidence", "mortality", "risk Factors", and " the world". We reviewed studies on the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of liver cancer. Results: Generally, liver cancer is more common in the East Asia with, the highest incidence rate in Mongolia. The standard incidence of liver cancer was 10.1 per 100,000 people (15.3 in males and 5.3 in females). The highest mortality rates occurred observed in the East Asian countries. The standardized mortality rate for liver cancer was 9.5 per 100,000 people (14.3 in males and 5.1 in females). The most important risk factors for liver cancer included the chronic infections with HBV and HCV, Aflatoxin, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. Conclusions: Liver cancer has a higher incidence rate in East Asian countries. Majority of the cases are detected mostly at the advanced level of disease. Then, an early diagnosis could be effective in reducing mortality rate of this cancer. Also, conparing HCV(hepatitis C virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) may lead to reducing risk factors of liver cancer

A STUDY ON THE INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF LEUKEMIA AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) WORLDWIDE IN 2012

Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the incidence and mortality of leukemia and their association with the Human Development Index (HDI) around the world in 2012. Materials and Methods: This study was an ecologic study in the world to assess the correlation between Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of leukemia with HDI and its details that include: life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. ASIR and ASMR of leukemia expressed per 100,000 people. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.) Results: ASIR and ASMR of leukemia were 4.7 and 3.4 per 100,000 people, respectively. Countries with the highest ASIR were Mauritius (12), Cyprus (9.5), Canada (9.5), Ireland (9.4), and Australia (9.4). Also, countries with the highest ASMR were State of Palestine (7.7), Iraq (6.5), Mauritius (6), Syrian Arab Republic (5.7), and Ethiopia (5.4). There was a statistical significant and positive correlation between HDI and ASIR of leukemia (r = 0.74, p = 0.001), and HDI and ASMR of leukemia (r = 0.369, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The highest incidence of leukemia occurred in countries with high and very high HDI and the highest mortality rate in countries with very high and moderate HDI. There was a significant positive correlation between ASIR and ASMR of leukemia with the HDI and its dimensions

Epidemiology and trend of cancers in the province of Kerman: Southeast of Iran

Background: According to increase in elderly populations, and change in lifestyle and cancer-causing behavior, the global burden of cancer is increasing. For prevention and control of disease, knowledge of population statistics of cancers and their trends is essential. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and trends of cancer in the province of Kerman: southeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out based on cancer registry data at the Disease Management Center of the Health Ministry from 2004 to 2009 in the province of Kerman in Iran. Common cancers were defined as the number of reported cases and standardized incidence rates. To compute the annual percentage change (APC), joinpoint 4.1.1.1 software was applied. Results: Of 10,595 registered cases, 45.3 (4802 cases) were in women and 56.7 (5,793 cases) occurred in men. The standardized incidence rates for both females and males were increasing during the six years studied. The most common cancers in both sexes during six years of studied were skin (13.4), breast (9.35), bladder (7.8), stomach (7.45), leukemia (7.05), colorectal(5.57), lung(4.92), trachea(3.51) and prostate(2.48). Conclusions: Our findings revealed that the cancer incidence is demonstrating increasing trends in both sexes in the province of Kerman. This may be because of changes in lifestyle, increasing exposure to risk factors for cancer and increase of life expectancy. If this is the case, increasing public awareness of cancer risk factors is a high priority, together with introduction of large-scale screening techniques

Time trend analysis of cancer incidence in Caspian Sea, 2004-2009: A population-based cancer registries study (northern Iran)

Background: Cancer is a major public health problem in the world. In Iran especially after a transition to a dynamic and urban community, the pattern of cancer has changed significantly. An important change occurred regarding the incidence of cancer at the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, including Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan province. This study was designed it investigate the epidemiology and changes in trend of cancer incidence in the geographic regionof the Caspian Sea (North of Iran). Methods: Data were collected from Cancer Registry Center report of Iran health deputy. Trends of incidence were analyzed by joinpoint regression analysis. Results: During the study period year (2004-2009), 33,807 cases of cancer had been recordedin three provinces of Gilan, Mazandran and Golstan. Joinpoint analysis indicated a significantincrease in age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) 10.3, 8.5 and 5.2 in Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, respectively. The most common cancerin these provinces were correspondingly cancer of stomach, breast, skin, colorectal and bladder,respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of cancer tends to be increasing in North of Iran.These findings warrant the epidemiologic studies are helpful in planning preventive programs andrecognition of risk factors

Trends of 28 days case fatality rate after first acute myocardial infarction in Isfahan, Iran, from 2000 to 2009

Background: The purpose of the present study was the analysis of the trends in case fatality rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Isfahan, Iran. This analysis was performed based on gender, age groups, and type of AMI according to the International Classification of Diseases, version 10, during 2000-2009. Methods: Disregarding the Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA), this cohort study considered all AMI events registered between 2000 and 2009 in 13 hospitals in Isfahan. All patients were followed for 28 days. In order to assess the case fatality rate, the Kaplan-Meier analysis, and to compare survival rate, log-rank test were used. Using the Cox regression model, 28 days case fatality hazard ratio (HR) was calculated. Results: In total, 12,900 patients with first AMI were entered into the study. Among them, 9307 (72.10) were men and 3593 (27.90) women. The mean age in all patients increased from 61.36 ± 12.19 in 2000-2001 to 62.15 ± 12.74 in 2008-2009, (P = 0.0070); in women, from 65.38 ± 10.95 to 67.15 ± 11.72 (P = 0.0200), and in men, from 59.75 ± 12.29 to 59.84 ± 12.54 (P = 0.0170),. In addition, the 28 days case fatality rate in 2000-2009 had a steady descending trend. Thus, it decreased from 11.20 in 2000-2001 to 07.90 in 2008-2009; in men, from 09.20 to 06.70, and in women, from 16.10 to 10.90. During the study, HR of case fatality rate in 2000-2001 declined; therefore, in 2002-2003, it was 0.93 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.77-1.11, in 2004-2005, 0.88 (95% CI = 0.73-1.04), in 2006-2007, 0.67 (95% CI = 0.56- 0.82), and in 2008-2009, 0.69 (95% CI = 0.56-0.82). Conclusion: In Isfahan, a reduction was observable in the trend of case fatality rate in both genders and all age groups. Thus, there was a 29.46% reduction in case fatality rate (27.17% in men, 32.29% in women) during the study period. © 2015, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved