Modeling of Draft Force Variation in a Winged Share Tillage Tool Using Fuzzy Table Look-Up Scheme

Currently Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods such as fuzzy logic have also a great importance in both modelling and control. The main purpose of this research is to explore the intelligent way to model soil-tool interaction for a winged share tillage tool. A Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) model, with Mamdani min-max method and 24 rules was developed based on table look-up scheme in order to predict draft requirements of two winged share tillage tools in a loam soil under varying operating conditions. Tests were taken in soil bin. The trials were conducted in different working depths and working speeds of winged shares. The input parameters of the FIS were working depth, working speed and share width. The output from the FIS was the draft requirement of the winged share. The results of the developed FIS were compared with the test data of experimental results. The coefficient of determination of relationships was found 0.92 and Root Mean Squares of Errors (RMSE) was 0.33 for draft force. Such results indicate that the developed FIS model for draft prediction could be considered as an alternative and practical tool for predicting draft requirement of tillage implements under the selected experimental conditions

Urban sprawl pattern and effective factors on them: the case of Urmia city, Iran

Urban sprawl has become a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. In developing countries like Iran, urban sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an alarming pace. The purpose of this paper is to study urban growth and effective factors on them in the city of Urmia, Iran. We used quantitive data of the study area from the period between 1989 and 2007, and population censuses of Urmia. To measure the model of urban growth, Holderness and Shannon’s entropy were employed. The Urmia case is interesting for several reasons: first, it is a case of very fast urban growth even for a developing country; second, it illustrates how the fastest rates of urban sprawl may correspond to middle size cities rather than to large centers. Third, it portrays a land substitution process in which agricultural land is not the primary provider of urban land which is relatively rare in urban contexts, and fourth, it also illustrates how urban sprawl may also hide important internal land uses such as the presence of agricultural plots within urban boundaries

Estimation of Organ-Absorbed Doses in Human from Gamma Rays of 99mTc-DTPA Radiopharmaceutical, Using the Animal Dissection Data

Introduction: Scintigraphy of renal system with radiopharmaceuticals extracts provides us with essential information as to assist the diagnosis and management of patients. In this research, effective doses of human’s organs due to gamma-rays of 99mTc-DTPA are estimated using the animal dissection data.Materials and Methods: In this study, the human absorbed and effective doses from 99mTc-DTPA are obtained from animal organs data, using medical internal radiation dosimetry (MIRD) method and MCNP simulation code. In each stage, three mice were injected and sacrificed, and then their organs were dissected and counted by well detector. Results: The results of MIRD and MCNP simulation code indicated that the two mentioned methods are in agreement. Also, kidney (1.23E-03mGy/MBq), spleen (2.81E-03 mGy/MBq) and heart (2.75E-03 mGy/MBq) absorbed the most gamma dose compared to the other organs.Conclusion: According to the results and comparison with ICRP data, animal dissection model can be a useful tool for internal absorbed dose estimation of renal radiopharmaceuticals.  

Simulation of draft force of winged share tillage tool using artificial neural network model

An artificial neural network (ANN) model, with a back propagation learning algorithm, was developed to predict draft requirements of two winged share tillage tools in a loam soil. The input parameters to the 3–7–1 ANN model were; share width, working depth and operating speed. The output from the network was the draft requirement of each tillage tool. The developed model predicted the draft requirements of the winged share tillage tools with a mean relative error of less than 7% and mean square errors of less than 0.05, when compared to measured draft values. This result indicates that the ANN model had successfully learnt from the training data set to enable correct interpolation and could be used as an alternative tool for modeling soil-tool interaction under specific experimental conditions and soil types

Effect of slow stroke back massage on anxiety in patients with stroke- A randomized clinical trial

زمینه و هدف: سکته ی ‌مغزی یک بیماری ناتوان کننده می‌باشد که استقلال بیمار را در انجام فعالیت های روزمره به شدت محدود نموده و باعث اضطراب بیمار می شود. ماساژ درمانی به عنوان یک هنر مفید و مؤثر در حرفه پرستاری شناخته شده است که یکی از انواع آن، ماساژ استروک سطحی پشت (SSBM) می باشد. لذا پژوهش حاضر به منظور تعیین تأثیر ماساژ SSBM بر اضطراب بیماران مبتلا به سکته ی مغزی انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش کارآزمایی بالینی که به صورت نیمه تجربی انجام شد، تعداد 34 بیمار از میان 70 بیمار مراجعه کننده به مرکز توانبخشی تبسم شهر تهران در سال 1389 انتخاب شدند و به روش تصادفی در دو گروه مداخله و شاهد قرار گرفتند. ابزار گرد آوری داده ها شامل پرسشنامه های مشخصات دموگرافیک و اضطراب آشکار اسپیل‌برگر بود. میزان اضطراب قبل و 24 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسه ماساژ SSBM در گروه ها ارزیابی و مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. یافته ها: میانگین نمره اضطراب قبل از مداخله در گروه آزمون 8/25±61/40 و در گروه شاهد 3/85±61/80 بود که از لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری را نشان نداد (P>0/05). پس از مداخله میانگین نمره اضطراب گروه آزمون 4/62±34/60 و گروه شاهد 3/44±58/80 بدست آمد که تفاوت معناداری را نسبت به قبل از آزمون نشان داد (0/001>P). نتیجه گیری: بکارگیری ماساژ SSBM توسط پرسنل درمانی و مراقبتی می‌تواند گام مؤثری در پیشگیری یا کاهش اضطراب مبتلایان به سکته ی مغزی محسوب گردد

A Critical Study of Two Conceptions of Wittgenstein’s “Family Resemblance” .

In the Blue Book (pp. 17-18) and in the Philosophical Investigation (§§ 66-67), Wittgenstein offers the idea of ‘family resemblances’ to explain the relation between some ‘things’. This paper first explores two accounts of this idea, one by Renford Bambrough and the other by Ilham Dilman. This reveals that there are at least two different accounts of ‘family resemblances’. Secondly, the paper sets out a critical assessment of both accounts so as to suggest that they both fail at what they claim to do

Effect of body change positions on endotracheal tube cuff pressure in patients with head injury treated with mechanical ventilation

Background: Maintaining endotracheal tube cuff pressure in the normal range of 25-30 cmH2o plays an important role in the prevention of related complications. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effect of body change position on level of endotracheal tube cuff pressure in patients with head trauma under mechanical ventilation admitted in ICUs. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was implemented on 30 patients with head injury under mechanical ventilation who admitted in ICUs in 2014. Available method was used for sampling. The mean of endotracheal cuff pressure was measured in 6 different body positions in the two-hour intervals using standard manometer, immediately before, immediately after, 15 minutes and 2 hours after the change positions. Data was analyzed using Chi-square, t and Bonferroni tests. Findings: The mean of endotracheal cuff pressure in the left and right lateral position with an angle of 30 degrees and head to the body (Respectively 31.5±0.68 and 34.1±0.68 cmH2o) and also the left and right lateral and a 45-degree angle to the body at the end of the period of 15 minutes and 2 hours after change positions was higher than the normal range (Respectively 31.9±0.92 and 30.4±1.5 cmH2o). In all cases, the mean of pressure differences were statistically significant (p<0.001) Conclusion: According to the unnatural changes in endotracheal tube cuff pressure due to body change positions, it is suggested that after changing position of the patient, measure the cuff pressure and correct it if it’s necessary. Keywords: Head Injury, Mechanical Ventilation, Body Position, Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressur

Study of three genera of the Orthocentrus genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae) in northern Iran

The subfamily Orthocentrinae comprises a diverse group of ichneumonid parasitoid wasps. The species of three genera of the Orthocentrus genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae) was studied in northern Iran: Batakomacrus Kolarov, Plectiscus Gravenhorst and Stenomacrus Förster. A total of 847 specimens of these genera were collected from Alborz, Tehran, Qazvin, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces using Malaise traps during 2010-2011. Nine species including Batakomacrus caudatus (Holmgren, 1858), Plectiscus agilis (Holmgren, 1858), P. minutus (Holmgren, 1858), Stenomacrus carbonariae Roman, 1939, S. curvicaudatus (Brischke, 1871),         S. deletus (Thomson, 1897), S. exserens (Thomson, 1898), S. merula (Gravenhorst, 1829) and           S. minutissimus (Zetterstedt, 1838) are recorded for the first time from Iran. Their phenology, seasonal abundance, adult emergence period, distribution and altitudinal changes on two northern and southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains of Iran are provided. Our data showed that the Caspian Hyrcanian forests at the northern slope of the Alborz Mountains inhabit a more diverse and higher abundant community of Orthocentrus genus-group than the southern one

Optimal power flow incorporating facts devices and stochastic wind power generation using krill herd algorithm

© 2020 by the authors. This paper deals with investigating the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) solution of power systems considering Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices and wind power generation under uncertainty. The Krill Herd Algorithm (KHA), as a new meta‐heuristic approach, is employed to cope with the OPF problem of power systems, incorporating FACTS devices and stochastic wind power generation. The wind power uncertainty is included in the optimization problem using Weibull probability density function modeling to determine the optimal values of decision variables. Various objective functions, including minimization of fuel cost, active power losses across transmission lines, emission, and Combined Economic and Environmental Costs (CEEC), are separately formulated to solve the OPF considering FACTS devices and stochastic wind power generation. The effectiveness of the KHA approach is investigated on modified IEEE‐30 bus and IEEE‐57 bus test systems and compared with other conventional methods available in the literature

Multi-objective optimal reactive power planning under load demand and wind power generation uncertainties using ε-constraint method

© 2020 by the authors. This paper presents an improved multi-objective probabilistic Reactive Power Planning (RPP) in power systems considering uncertainties of load demand and wind power generation. The proposed method is capable of simultaneously (1) reducing the reactive power investment cost, (2) minimizing the total active power losses, (3) improving the voltage stability, and (4) enhancing the loadability factor. The generators\u27 voltage magnitude, the transformer\u27s tap settings, and the output reactive power of VAR sources are taken into account as the control variables. To solve the probabilistic multi-objective RPP problem, the -constraint method is used. To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the IEEE 30-bus test system is implemented in the GAMS environment under five different conditions. Finally, for a better comprehension of the obtained results, a brief comparison of outcomes is presented