The consequences of corporal punishment of children by parents in the home and family environment

How adults behave has a profound impact on children’s personality and their acquired habits. The Persian equivalent of punishment means to make somebody aware of something and to wake someone up. However, corporal punishment means using physical force to cause pain without any injury in order to discipline (behavior correction and control) children. Corporal punishment is considered as a form of child abuse and it is the most common form of violence in the family which violates the rights of the child. Psychologies usually do not approve of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment has a short-term and long-term destructive impact on both the body and mind of the child. It can have negative effects such as fear, not learning the proper behavior, justifying hurting others, being aggressive towards the punisher, showing improper reactions and being a wrong model for other. Research studies indicate that house-keeping mothers with low level of education are more likely to use corporal punishment. And behavioral problems such as physical and verbal aggression, non-cooperativeness are more in children punished corporally by their parents than in those who are not punished. Therefore, educating parents regarding the bad impact of corporal punishment on children’s body and mind as well as educating them concerning the positive ways of rearing children can be effective in reducing the use of corporal punishment. Furthermore, other substitutes for corporal punishment can be saturation, passage of time, reinforcement of the incompatible behavior and turning a blind eye on misbehavior. طرز رفتار بزرگسالان اثر عمیقی بر شخصیت کودکان و عادات کسب شده توسط آنها دارد. تنبیه به معنای آگاهانیدن، بیدار کردن، واقف گردانیدن به چیزی و آگاه و هوشیاری کردن آمده است. تنبیه‌بدنی به معنای استفاده از نیروی فیزیکی جهت ایجاد درد بدون صدمه، به منظور تربیت (تصحیح یا کنترل رفتار) کودک می باشد. تنبیه‌بدنی یک نوع کودک آزاری و شایع ترین نوع خشونت در خانواده است که موجب نقض حقوق کودک می شود. معمولاً روان شناسان تنبیه‌بدنی را جایز نمی‌دانند. تنبیه‌بدنی دارای اثرات مخرب کوتاه و بلند مدت برجسم و روح کودک می‌باشد و عوارض نامطلوبی همچون ترس، عدم یادگیری رفتار درست، توجیه صدمه زدن به دیگران، پرخاشگری نسبت به عامل تنبیه کننده، جانشین شدن یک پاسخ نامطلوب به جای پاسخ نامطلوب دیگر و الگو برداری از آن توسط دیگران را به همراه دارد. پژوهش‌ها حاکی از آن است که مادران خانه‌دار و دارای سطح تحصیلات پایین، بیشتر از تنبیه‌بدنی استفاده می‌کنند و مشکلات رفتاری مثل پرخاشگری عملی و کلامی، گوشه‌گیری و عدم همکاری در کودکانی که توسط والدین تنبیه می‌شدند نسبت به آنها که تنبیه نمی‌شدند بیشتر می‌باشد. بنابراین، آموزش اثرات بد تنبیه‌بدنی بر جسم و روح کودک به والدین و نیز آموزش روش‌های تربیتی مثبت به آنها می تواند در کاهش استفاده از تنبیه‌بدنی به عنوان یک روش تربیتی موثر باشد علاوه بر این، بهتر است از روش‌های جانشین تنبیه همچون اشباع، گذشت زمان، تقویت رفتار ناهمساز و نادیده گرفتن استفاده کرد

A Water Footprint Based Hydro-Economic Model for Minimizing the Blue Water to Green Water Ratio in the Zarrinehrud River-Basin in Iran

The efficient use of water should involve decisions for balancing green water (GW) and blue water (BW) use for sustainable development. More specifically, the focus of irrigation water management should be redirected from a BW perspective toward considering the full water balance, including GW flow. This study presents a modelling approach in a system dynamic platform for minimizing the BW to GW ratio in a water basin while maximizing total agricultural profit. The paper considers the compromise between any reduction in the GW to BW ratio and the possible changes in the economic achievement of the region through varying land use and cropping patterns. This paper explores and presents the possibilities of reducing the BW to GW ratio in the Zarrinehrud River-basin for moderate, dry, and wet years using the water footprint concept. Results show that under all combinations of economic objective and BW to GW ratio addressed by water footprint measures, the hydro-economic performance of the river basin may substantially be improved as compared with the current practice. Either weights may systematically be changed or multiple objective optimization algorithms may be employed if a more precise tradeoff between the objectives is needed

Effect of an Online Appointment Scheduling System on Evaluation Metrics of Outpatient Scheduling System: a before-after MulticenterStudy

Online appointment scheduling systems have been designed in response to the problems of the traditional ones. In Iran, most outpatient clinics and our study population suffer from high patient’ no-show rate and long waiting times because of not using online appointment scheduling system. In this study, the effect of an online appointment scheduling system was investigated by comparing the evaluation metrics of appointment scheduling before and after the intervention. This before-after pilot study was conducted on ten outpatient clinics with different specializations. Five clinics were selected as the intervention group and five clinics as the control group. A checklist was designed to evaluate appointment scheduling metrics. These checklists were completed from April to July 2017 in the pre-implementation phase and from September to December 2017 in the post-implementation phase. The evaluation metrics were evaluated before and after the implementation of the online appointment scheduling system. A total of 470 checklists containing 9034 patients’ information and 460 checklists containing 9130 patients’ information were completed at the pre- and post-implementation phases, respectively. There were significant positive effect on the improvement of the three metrics means, including Patient waiting time (38.2 min before vs. 23.8 min after the intervention), No-show rate (25% before vs. 11% after the intervention), and Physician punctuality (−30 min before vs. -14.2 min after the intervention). The use of an online appointment scheduling system was successful in improving several evaluation metrics in our target population and resulted in continued usage in intervention group clinics

Effect of an Online Appointment Scheduling System on Evaluation Metrics of Outpatient Scheduling System: a before-after MulticenterStudy

Online appointment scheduling systems have been designed in response to the problems of the traditional ones. In Iran, most outpatient clinics and our study population suffer from high patient’ no-show rate and long waiting times because of not using online appointment scheduling system. In this study, the effect of an online appointment scheduling system was investigated by comparing the evaluation metrics of appointment scheduling before and after the intervention. This before-after pilot study was conducted on ten outpatient clinics with different specializations. Five clinics were selected as the intervention group and five clinics as the control group. A checklist was designed to evaluate appointment scheduling metrics. These checklists were completed from April to July 2017 in the pre-implementation phase and from September to December 2017 in the post-implementation phase. The evaluation metrics were evaluated before and after the implementation of the online appointment scheduling system. A total of 470 checklists containing 9034 patients’ information and 460 checklists containing 9130 patients’ information were completed at the pre- and post-implementation phases, respectively. There were significant positive effect on the improvement of the three metrics means, including Patient waiting time (38.2 min before vs. 23.8 min after the intervention), No-show rate (25% before vs. 11% after the intervention), and Physician punctuality (−30 min before vs. -14.2 min after the intervention). The use of an online appointment scheduling system was successful in improving several evaluation metrics in our target population and resulted in continued usage in intervention group clinics