Comparative Study of Attorney's Intervention in Pre-Trial Stage and Its Influence on Fair Judgment in Iran and the United States of America

In the legal system of Iran and United States of America Attorney possesses the most important position in the Criminal Procedure. This position in Iran and United States of Americaplays a key role in the pre-trial stage. Legal system in the United States of America is called “common law”, and Criminal Procedure in this system is “adversarial”. The court does not exist in this system. Iran's legal system which is almost similar to the French system, has the court body. Despite this difference, in the two criminal justice systems, there are similarities within the pre-trial arrangements (Yousefi, 2011). Therefore, in this study, the influence ofattorney’s intervention in pre-trial stage, on three elements of the most important principles of a fair trial, including the principle of neutrality, equality of arms, not giving judicative role to a pursued person have been reviewed. Finally, it was found that attorney's intervention in the preliminary investigation can have negative effects on the principles of fair trial

Comparison the Students’ Ability in Answering to Patient-Management Problem and Modified Essay Question Examination with Multiple-Choice Question Examination and its Association with Educational Promotion

Background & Objective: The present study aimed to compare the students’ ability in answering to patient management problem (PMP) and modified essay question (MEQ) examination with multiple-choice question (MCQ) examination and its association with educational promotion. Methods: This research carried out in two sections descriptive-analytic and qualitative on 76 nutrition students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran, who were selected by census. The first and second examinations were PMP-MEQ and MCQ, respectively. Educational promotion variables were grade point average (GPA) in 5 sequence semesters and GPA in current semester. The other variables were the grade in food toxicology course, the scores in PMP-MEQ, PMP and MEQ exams and MCQ exam. The second section was designed with the aim of comparing the overview of students in regard to PMP-MEQ and MCQ exams. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics. Results: The association between educational promotion variables and mark of food toxicology course and MCQ exam were statistically significant (P < 0.001); however, there was not a statistically significant association between these variables and the other variables. Mean differences scores of MCQ and food toxicology course were significant (P < 0.001); however, scores of PMP-MEQ test and PMP and MEQ sections in two students groups based on categorized GPA were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Therefore, the students’ inability in answering to PMP and MEQ examination in comparing to the MCQ examination format was showed students’ incapability in evaluation of clinical competence even with regard to their high GPA and scientific knowledge. Keywords Patient management problem (PMP) Modified essay question (MEQ) Multiple-choice question (MCQ) Educational promotion Clinical competenc

Indicators Related to Theorizing Measurement (a Capacity Measurement Framework)

Purpose: Relatively much research has been done into theorizing and its importance. However, the number of studies related to the understanding of contexts is very negligible and so far no framework has been provided including indicators and evaluation methods. This research has been done with the aim of achieving the indicators related to theorizing and subsequently presenting a formula to measure the potential and theorizing capacity of scientific institutes. Method: Library and field methods have been used to collect information. Data were first collected through a checklist and then through the AHP questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among experts and the AHP method was used to analyze the data. Expert Choice software was used to analyze the data obtained from the AHP questionnaire. Findings: The results indicate that the individual index is 9 times more important than the non-individual index in the theorizing process. Pairwise comparison of individual sub-indices showed that "awareness of theorizing" and "research ability” have an equal portion in theorizing. The "coherence of personality traits" is sextuple as important as the "awareness of theorizing”. "Coherence of personality traits" up to sextuple "research ability" can be considered important in the theorizing process. Pairwise comparison of non-individual index sub-indices showed that "communication level" is twice as important as "institutional index level". However, the “effect level" is twice as important as the "communication level". The "communication level" is 7 times more important than the "management index level". The "effect level" can be considered 7 times more important than the "institutional index level". "Institutional index level" is quadruple more important than "management index level". The "effect level" is extremely important compared to the "management index level". Conclusion: Although theorizing is done by a researcher or a group of researchers, ultimately, it is a collective matter, or at least, several components are involved in its formation. Theorizing is a coherent, dynamic, purposeful, and thoughtful practice whose results can lead researchers to recognize the credible generalizable relationship between causes and effects. Finally, the formula Tp= (0.9I + 0.1NI) was presented, which can be used to assess the capacity of theorizing in institutes

Comparative Study of Attorney's Intervention in Pre-Trial Stage and Its Influence on Fair Judgment in Iran and the United States of America

In the legal system of Iran and United States of America Attorney possesses the most important position in the Criminal Procedure. This position in Iran and United States of Americaplays a key role in the pre-trial stage. Legal system in the United States of America is called “common law”, and Criminal Procedure in this system is “adversarial”. The court does not exist in this system. Iran's legal system which is almost similar to the French system, has the court body. Despite this difference, in the two criminal justice systems, there are similarities within the pre-trial arrangements (Yousefi, 2011). Therefore, in this study, the influence ofattorney’s intervention in pre-trial stage, on three elements of the most important principles of a fair trial, including the principle of neutrality, equality of arms, not giving judicative role to a pursued person have been reviewed. Finally, it was found that attorney's intervention in the preliminary investigation can have negative effects on the principles of fair trial

Impact of Relaxation Training and Exercise on Quality of Life in Post-myocardial Infarction Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Myocardial infarction (MI) decreases patients’ quality of life (QOL). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of relaxation training and exercise on QOL in post-MI patients. This single-blind, randomized, clinical trial was conducted on 64 post-MI patients at Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in Sari, Iran, in 2013. The study population was divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group received training and was followed-up for 8 weeks at home. The data were collected using MacNew QOL Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version 16) using t-test. There were significant differences between the intervention and control groups regarding the mean scores of the three QOL domains. Total QOL showed a significant difference after relaxation program (P≤0.001). Relaxation exercises resulted in the improvement of QOL in post-MI patients. Therefore, nurses are recommended to train these exercises to patients to practice at home

Opium Induces Apoptosis in Jurkat Cells

Background: The direct effect of some opioids on immune cells has been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to assess the apoptotic effect of opium on Jurkat T lymphocyte cells. Methods: Different concentrations of opium (2.86 × 10-3 to 2.86 × 10-11 g/ml) were added to 24-well plates containing 5 × 105 Jurkat cells. Apoptotic events were assessed after 6, 24, and 72 hours by flow-cytometric detection of surface phosphatidylserine. Findings: Significant differences in apoptosis of Jurkat cells were seen at 24 and 72 hours in different concentrations of opium (P < 0.05). After 72 hours, significant increase in necrosis of Jurkat cells was seen in opium concentration of 2.85 × 10-3 g/ml compared to cells without opium (control) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that opium directly increases apoptosis and necrosis of T lymphocytes. This effect may play a role in immune dysfunction in opium addicts.Keywords: Opium, Apoptosis, Necrosis, Jurkat cell

A Review of Dye Removal Using Polymeric Nanofibers by Electrospinning as Promising Adsorbents

Water is the most important material that humans and creatures need, and water contamination caused by chemicals such as dyes has brought many problems. Various methods have been used to remove dyes as organic contaminants. Polymeric nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have a nanostructure with a high adsorption capacity for removing water contaminants. To solve this problem, the adsorption process is used, which is very effective for removing water pollutants. The adsorption process is very important in terms of expense and reuse. The use of natural polymers is being promoted as a suitable alternative to synthetic polymers and to reduce environmental pollution. The results indicate that preparing nanofibers by electrospinning and using them as adsorbents is a suitable method to remove contaminants. The effect of operational parameters on the adsorption removal ability of polymeric nanofibers, the optimal adsorption conditions, and the mechanism of dye adsorption have been investigated in detail. The data indicated that polymeric electrospinning nanofibers can be used as environmentally friendly and effective adsorbents for removing water contaminants. Also, the treated dye wastewater is reused in the dyeing process and is not discharged into the environment to conquer the water shortage