2,060 research outputs found
Sources of Inflation in Iran: An application of the ARDL Approach
This paper examines the major determinants of inflation in Iran using annual time series data (1971 to 2006) by applying the ARDL approach. Taking into account the special characteristics of Iranās economy and by considering recent empirical studies in the context of inflation, an empirical model has been constructed which emphasizes the effects of liquidity, the exchange rate, GDP, the expected rate of inflation and imported inflation factors along with the dummy variable presenting the effect of Iran/Iraq war on Iranās economy. The empirical results show that in the long-run, the main determinants of inflation in Iran are liquidity, the exchange rate, the rate of expected inflation and the rate of imported inflation. All these variables had significant effects on the inflation rate in the short run. Moreover the destructive eight year war with Iraq had a positive effect on the inflation rate in the Iranian economy. Finally, the error correction term (-0.3995) is found to be negative and statistically significant suggesting a quick adjustment process.Inflation, Liquidity, ARDL approach, Iranās economy
The Features of Crime of Threat in the Iran and US Criminal Law
Threat is one of behaviors which punishment is considered for it in the criminal law of Iran and US. The importance of investigating on crime of threat is where, persons and civilians in accordance with domestic laws and international instruments have the very important right as āfreedom of speechā and the mentioned right violation is accompanied by criminal sanctions, on the other hand, some words or committing a specific behavior by them and according the same rules is banned and considered as is criminal threats. Nevertheless, laws of both countries have adopted different approaches in regards to terms of realization of the crime and its various manifestations. Knowing the characteristics of the crime play a significant role in explaining and analyzing criminal behavior and compliance with legal cases. Some of these features in the laws of both countries explicitly and others have been stated implicitly. The lack of clear rules regarding certain characteristics of the threat, made it difficult that jurists, judges and lawyers to understand these features. Therefore, in this paper determine the characteristics of the threat in the Iran an US law.
Shape dynamics, lipid hydrodynamics, and the complex viscoelasticity of bilayer membranes
Biological membranes are continuously brought out of equilibrium, as they shape organelles, package and transport cargo, or respond to external actions. Even the dynamics of plain lipid membranes in experimental model systems are very complex due to the tight interplay between the bilayer architecture, the shape dynamics, and the rearrangement of the lipid molecules. We formulate and numerically implement a continuum model of the shape dynamics and lipid hydrodynamics, which describes the bilayer by its midsurface and by a lipid density field for each monolayer. The viscoelastic response of bilayers is determined by the stretching and curvature elasticity, and by the inter-monolayer friction and the membrane interfacial shear viscosity. While the bilayer equilibria are well understood theoretically, dynamical calculations have relied on simplified continuum approaches of uncertain transferability, or on molecular simulations reaching very limited length and time scales. Our approach incorporates the main physics, is fully nonlinear, does not assume predefined shapes, and can access a wide range of time and length scales. We validate it with the well understood tether extension. We investigate the tubular lipid transport between cells, the dynamics of bud absorption by a planar membrane, and the fate of a localized lipid density asymmetry in vesicles. These axisymmetric examples bear biological relevance and highlight the diversity of dynamical regimes that bilayers can experience
Incongruence Between Learning Style and Written Corrective Feedback Type: Mediating Effect of Implicit Theory of Learning Style
Implicit theory (Dweck, 2000) suggests that learnersā theories about the malleability of their individual traits (learning style, here) determine the extent to which they can stretch their learning style (Gregersen & MacIntyre, 2014; Young, 2010) and benefit from the instruction that mismatches their preferred styles. The present study aimed at investigating the extent to which Iranian EFL learners with inductive vs. deductive learning styles would benefit from the written corrective feedback (WCF) that does not match their learning styles (i.e., implicit vs. explicit WCF). The study also examined if their success (or lack of) in style stretching and improving their written accuracy is due to the implicit theory (entity vs. incremental) they hold about their learning style. The result showed that students with an incremental theory significantly improved their written accuracy more than those with an entity theory. Also, the findings revealed that inductive learners were more successful in adapting to the mismatched WCF (explicit) and made greater improvement in their written accuracy than deductive students who received implicit WCF.La theĢorie implicite dāun apprenant (Dweck, 2000) sur la malleĢabiliteĢ de ses traits individuels (styles dāapprentissage, ici) deĢtermine dans quelle mesure il peut eĢtirer son style dāapprentissage (Gregersen et MacIntyre, 2014; Young, 2010) et profiter de lāinstruction qui ne correspond pas aĢ leurs styles preĢfeĢreĢs. Cette eĢtude vise aĢ deĢterminer dans quelle mesure les apprenants iraniens de lāanglais langue eĢtrangeĢre ayant des styles dāapprentissage inductifs ou deĢductifs beĢneĢficient de la reĢtroaction corrective eĢcrite qui ne correspond pas aĢ leurs styles dāapprentissage (c.-aĢ-d. implicite ou explicite). Cette eĢtude examine eĢgalement si leur succeĢs (ou leur manque) dans lāeĢtirement de style et lāameĢlioration de leur preĢcision eĢcrite est duĢ aux theĢories implicites (entiteĢ vs increĢmentales) quāils deĢtiennent sur leur style dāapprentissage. Les reĢsultats ont montreĢ que les eĢtudiants avec une theĢorie increĢmentale ont consideĢrablement ameĢlioreĢ leur preĢcision eĢcrite beaucoup plus que ceux qui ont eu une theĢorie dāentiteĢ. De plus, les reĢsultats ont reĢveĢleĢ que les apprenants inductifs ont reĢussi mieux aĢ sāadapter aĢ la reĢtroaction corrective explicite (qui ne correspond pas aĢ leur style dāapprentissage) et ont ameĢlioreĢ davantage leur preĢcision eĢcrite que les eĢleĢves deĢductifs qui ont recĢ§u la reĢtroaction corrective implicite
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