Challenges facing Iranian social security in the path of sustainable development, causes and providing some solutions

Following economic, social, political and cultural changes and the spread of social phenomena such as poverty, unemployment, increasing population of the elderly and disabled, governments have taken on new responsibilities towards their citizens and their scope of operation has expanded. (Ghaffari, 2017). In this direction, due to the mentioned changes, several challenges have been faced on social security in relation to the efficient establishment of the social security system. Therefore, the present study, in response to the question of what are the most important challenges of social security in the implementation of sustainable development programs, intends to provide appropriate solutions in this area by analyzing and analyzing the causes of challenges facing the Social Security Organization. This research is a descriptive-comparative type and in addition to interviews with experts, professors and individuals who have researched in the field of social security, as well as a number of managers and experts in the field of social security, using the library method. The statistical population includes existing documents in the field of social security at the domestic and international levels, which have been dictated by reference organizations such as the International Social Security Association (ISSA), International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank in this field. Content analysis method has been used for data analysis. The challenges have been enumerated by adapting the current state of social security to its desired state based on global guidelines, models, and systems. Then, the obtained information was tested using the questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.7 to examine and comment on the experts Delphi test and was analyzed using SPSS software. Findings indicate that social security in Iran is far from global standards and models and is struggling with micro and macro challenges. Evidence and research results showed that the most important reasons for the existing challenges should be pursued in policies, regulations and also in the field of implementation. It also seems that explaining the role of the government in the field of social security is a missing link that ignoring it will jeopardize any orientation in the field of social security and it is necessary to pay attention to macro-planning in this area. &nbsp

A Comparative Study of the Shell Element and Strip Model Methods for Analysis of Steel Plate Shear Wall Structures

Shell element and strip model are the two available numerical methods in the analysis of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) structures. The shell element model provides excellent prediction of the behavior of SPSWs. However, when the number of elements increases, especially in high-rise frames, the method becomes time consuming and produces convergence complications. In such cases, the strip model is commonly used as an alternative method. In the literature, the evaluation of the strip model has only been carried out for up to four-story SPSW structures. In the present study, fourteen low- to high-rise SPSW frames having 4, 7, 10 and 13 stories with different bay widths of 2, 3, 6 and 9m are designed and modeled using shell element and strip methods. The pushover analysis results show that the accuracy of strip model is affected by the number of story levels as well as the bay width. The use of beam element in modeling frame members is shown to have considerable effects on the results of the strip model. The panel zones should be modeled as effectively rigid regions in the strip model; and the slenderness ratio of frame members should be considered. It is also found that the distribution of story shear between infill plates and frame members are quite different in the two modeling methods. Furthermore, modifications to improve the accuracy of the strip model are recommended in this paper

Considerations on the Pushover Analysis of Multi-Story Steel Plate Shear Wall Structures

Pushover analysis is frequently utilized to predict nonlinear behavior of structural systems. One important factor, which considerably influences the results of pushover analysis, is the pattern of distribution of lateral loads along the height of structures. In this paper, five 4- to 13-story SPSW frames are designed according to the AISC-341 code. The frames are then analyzed under two lateral loading patterns recommended by FEMA-356. The first load distribution pattern is proportional to the shape of the fundamental mode, called the triangular loading pattern. The second pattern is a uniform distribution in proportion to the total mass of each story level. Results show that the uniform loading pattern provides higher lateral stiness and ultimate load carrying capacity of SPSW frames in comparison to those obtained from the triangular loading pattern. The discrepancy between the results of the two loading patterns increases with the number of story levels

Growing up in the Iran-Iraq war and preferences for strong defense

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between individuals’ experiences of the Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988) during early adulthood (18–25 years) and their preference for strong national defense forces and their willingness to fight for Iran (in the event of another war). Using the World Values Survey data, we provide evidence that Iranians who experienced the war during their early adulthood give top priority to strong defense forces. However, we find that there is no significant association between individuals’ experiences of the war during early adulthood and their willingness to fight for Iran. The results are robust to controlling for a set of individuals’ socioeconomic and political characteristics as well as different age cohorts. Finally, we show that our results are not influenced by age cohort effect

Nanocomposites à base de g-C3N4 et ZnxCd1-xS comme photocatalyseurs pour la production d'hydrogène à partir de l'eau sous la lumière solaire

Le processus de photocatalyse est l'un des moyens prometteurs d'utiliser l'énergie solaire à grande échelle pour différents types d'applications tels que la production d'hydrogène comme énergie propre ou encore la purification de l'eau et l'air contre les polluants et les produits chimiques nocifs. Néanmoins, le pourcentage de l’énergie du rayonnement solaire utilisé est généralement inférieur à 1%, en raison de la faible absorption de la lumière solair, de la rapide recombinaison de charge « électron-trou paires » et de l'instabilité photochimique. La modification de la structure des semi-conducteurs et la création de photocatalyseurs nanocomposites peuvent aider à surmonter ces problèmes. Le TiO2 est le photocatalyseur le plus étudié en raison de ses propriétés physiques et chimiques imortantes dans le processus de photocatalyse. Bien que son faible coût encourage à l'utiliser à grande échelle, sa largeur de bande interdite (EG =3.2 eV) importante, qui ne peut être activée que par irradiation UV, et sa vitesse de recombinaison des charges, ont limité son utilisation dans les applications industrielles. La création d'une hétérojonction entre TiO2 et d'autres semiconducteurs actifs sous la lumière visible est l’un des moyens les plus prometteurs pour utiliser les propriétés du dioxyde de titane dans la région du visible. De plus, le nitrure de carbone graphitique (g-C3N4) a été largement étudié pour la production d'hydrogène sous irradiation lumineuse visible. Malgré le fait qu'il peut être actif dans la région du visible et réduire les protons pour générer de l'hydrogène, son efficacité est considérablement limitée en raison de son taux de recombinaison de charge élevé et de sa faible surface spécifique. Nous avons synthétisé un photocatalyseur nanocomposite de g-C3N4 et TiO2 afin d’améliorer la procédure de séparation des charges et donc de produire plus d'hydrogène. Des nanodisques de titanate uniformes (TND) avec un diamètre compris entre 12 et 35 nm ont été synthétisés à l’aide d’une méthode solvothermale. Les feuilles nanométriques de g-C3N4 ont été synthétisés par des techniques de sonication, puis ont été mélangées avec des TND. Après cela, une étape de calcination a non seulement généré des contacts intimes avec deux semi-conducteurs, mais aussi converti les TND en nanoparticules de TiO2. En raison de la position des bandes de valence et de conduction des deux semi-conducteurs, les électrons photogénérés sont en mesure de passer du g-C3N4 au TiO2. Grâce à l’ajout de Pt comme cocatalyseur ainsi que comme fournisseur de sites actifs, les électrons photoexcités sont en capacité de réduire les protons de l'eau et de générer du dihydrogène. Cette hétérojonction pourrait produire plus du double l’hydrogène que le gC3N4 pur dans les mêmes conditions. Nous avons créé une nouvelle forme de feuille nanométrique de g-C3N4 contenant des lacunes de carbone avec des trous dans tous les plans de feuille. Après la synthèse du matériau de vrac g-C3N4 à partir du dicyandiamide, le matériau obtenu a été chauffé à 650 ° C sous argon pendant 2 h. Après avoir refroidi, il a été calciné à nouveau à 500 ºC pendant 2 heures sous air. Ainsi, sa surface spécifique a été considérablement augmenté de 28 m2.g-1 de g-C3N4 à 160 m2.g-1. En outre, ces traitements par étapes ont introduit certains défauts tels que des lacunes de carbone à l'intérieur de la structure des feuilles nanométriques de g-C3N4. Ces derniers ont fourni des sites photocatalytiques hautement actifs pour l'évolution de l'hydrogène. Par conséquent, sa production d'hydrogène est dix fois supérieure à celle du g-C3N4 brut sous irradiation de la lumière visible. Il a montré une efficacité quantique très élevée de 29,2% et 21,3% à 400 nm et 420 nm, respectivement. Enfin, nous avons généré une solution solide de zinc-cadmium (ZnxCd1-xS) par synthèse solvothermale en utilisant des précurseurs de glycérates métalliques de Cd et Zn. Ensuite, le matériau a été calciné (500 ºC pendant 4 heures) et traité avec H2S à 450 ºC pendant 2 heures. Ainsi, une solution solide homogène de ZnxCd1-xS avec structure cristallographique de wurtzite hexagonale a été formée. Il convient de mentionner que le semi-conducteur obtenu peut absorber une large partie du spectre visible, de plus, sa largeur de bande interdite est fortement affecté par le rapport Zn / Cd et varie entre 2,35 et 3,4 eV (0≤x≤1). Les meilleurs résultats pour l'évolution de l'hydrogène ont été obtenus à partir de l'échantillon Zn30Cd70S avec dépôt de MoS2 comme cocatalyseur. Il peut générer de l'hydrogène dans des longueurs d'onde les plus longues de la région de la lumière visible et ses rendements quantiques sont : 46,6% à 400 nm à 23,4% à 500 nm ainsi que 11,3% à 550 nm.Photocatalysis process is one of the promising ways to use solar energy in large scale for various kind of application including producing hydrogen as clean energy and purify water and air from harmful pollutants and chemicals. Nevertheless, the solar conversion efficiency of photocatalysts are usually below 1% because of weak sunlight absorption, high charge recombination and high photochemical instability. Modifying semiconductor structure and creating nanocomposite photocatalyst can help to overcome these issues. TiO2 is the most well-known photocatalysts because of its physical and chemical properties in photocatalysis process. Although its low cost encourages people to utilize it in large scale, its large band gap, which can only be activated under UV irradiation, and high rate of charge recombination, limited its usage in industrial applications. Creating an heterojunction between TiO2 and others visible light active semiconductor, is one of the best way to take advantage of TiO2 in visible region. Furthermore, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been widely investigated for its potential in hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. Despite the fact that it can activated in visible light region and reduce protons to generate hydrogen, its efficiency is considerably limited because of its high rate of charge recombination and low specific surface area. We synthesized a nanocomposite photocatalyst of g-C3N4 and TiO2 in order to increase charge separation procedure and so it can produce more hydrogen. Uniform titanate nanodisks (TNDs) with diameter between 12 and 35 nm were synthesized with a solvothermal method. Nanosheets of g-C3N4 were synthesized via sonication techniques and then were mixed with TNDs. After that, a calcination step not only made intimate contacts with two semiconductors, but also converted TNDs into TiO2 nanoparticles. Due to the position of conduction band edges of two semiconductors, photogenerated electrons could transfer from g-C3N4 to TiO2. There with a help of Pt as a cocatalyst and active sites provider, photoexcited electrons reduced protons from water and generated hydrogen. This heterojunction could produce more than double hydrogen as pristine g-C3N4 under the same conditions. We created a novel g-C3N4 nanosheets with carbon vacancies and nanoholes throughout nanosheet planes. After synthesis g-C3N4 bulk material from dicyandiamide, the obtained material was heated to 650 ºC under argon flow for 2 hr. After it cooled down, it was calcined again at 500 ºC for 2 hr. As a result, its specific surface area increased significantly from 28 m2 g-1 of bulk g-C3N4 to 160 m2 g-1. Moreover, these stepwise treatments introduced some defects as carbon vacancies inside the structure of g-C3N4 nanosheets. They provided highly active photocatalytic sites for hydrogen evolution. Therefore, its hydrogen production was ten times higher than bulk material of g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation. It showed very high quantum efficiencies of 29.2% and 21.3% at 400 nm and 420 nm, respectively. Finally, we generated zinc cadmium solid solution (ZnxCd1-xS) with synthesizing metal-glycerate of Cd and Zn via solvothermal method. Then, the material was calcined (500 ºC for 4 hr) and treated with H2S at 450 ºC for 2hr. Thus, an homogeneous solid solution of ZnxCd1-xS with hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure was formed. It should be mentioned that the obtained semiconductor could absorb a wide range of visible light energy and its band gap is strongly affected by Zn/Cd ratio and varies between 2.35 and 3.4 eV (0≤x≤1). The best results for hydrogen evolution was gained from Zn30Cd70S sample with depositing MoS2 as a cocatalyst. It could generate hydrogen in longer wavelengths of visible light region and its quantum efficiencies were: 46.6 % at 400 nm to 23.4% at 500 nm as well as 11.3% at 550 nm

Social security insurance model in Iran with a sustainable development approach: A comparative study of selected countries, Iran, Turkey and Denmark

The social security system in any country is a mirror of the development and the level of welfare of that society, and sustainable development in any country has a direct relationship with the quantity and quality of social security services. Given the initial establishment of the social security system in almost all countries, as well as Iran, the main challenge in this area can be considered the development of quality, quantity and services in a way that is able to meet the needs of society. (Khaleghparast, Rasekh, Naimi, 2017). Therefore, this study intends to identify the gaps between the current situation and the desired situation, by presenting applications in the form of a proposed model, to design the desired social security system according to the characteristics and conditions prevailing in society and its final destination to determine the development process of the country. This study is a descriptive-comparative study and has been done in several stages. The findings indicate that there is a significant gap between the management, governance and establishment of the social security system in Iran and the sample countries, especially Denmark. In countries that have succeeded in establishing the social security system, they have paid special attention to the three indicators of development and empowerment (risk management and realization of prevention levels), macro-planning and how to provide services, and by recreating the position of government in the security system, as well as following the recommendations and patterns of communication by international organizations and institutions, which are always considered as policy theories, the reference of policy makers in this field, have achieved good success in creating social welfare and public satisfaction. In this regard, according to the information obtained, it seems that the Social Security Organization, in following the patterns, models and global systems in the field of social security, should undertake serious reforms in the field of macro planning, development and improvement of employees, as well as improving and developing service delivery, take effective steps towards achieving sustainable development of the countr

Prevalence of constitutive and inducible resistance to clindamycin in staphylococci isolates from Hajar and Kashani hospitals in Shahrekord, 2014

چکیده مقدمه: مقاومت به کلیندامایسین در استافیلوکوکها به دو صورت بنیادی و القایی ایجاد می شود. درسویه هایی از این باکتریها که به اریترومایسین مقاوم هستند، ممکن است مقاومت القایی به کلیندامایسین نیز رخ دهد که با روش‌های معمول آنتی بیوگرام قابل تشخیص نیست. این مطالعه با هدف تعیین فنوتیپ های القایی مقاوم به کلیندامایسین در سویه‌های استافیلوکوک جدا شده ازبیماران بستری در بیمارستان‌های هاجر و کاشانی شهرکرد انجام شد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه توصیفی –تحلیلی برروی 200 ایزوله استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و استافیلوکوک کواگولاز منفی مقاوم به متی سیلین که ازنمونه های بالینی بیماران جدا شده بودند با استفاده ازروش دیسک دیفیوژن انجام گرفت. مقاومت به کلیندامایسین درایزوله ها یی که به اریترومایسین مقاوم بودند، با ظهورهاله حساسیت به شکل D مشخص گردید. یافته‌ها: از بین 200 ایزوله استافیلوکوک مقاوم به متی سیلین، فنوتیپ D در ۶ ایزوله (3) (یک ایزوله استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و ۵ ایزوله استافیلوکوک کواگولاز منفی) مشاهده شد. در چهار ایزوله فنوتیپ مثبت Dمشاهده شد. 13 ایزوله نیز فنوتیپ D منفی رانشان دادند. نتیجه گیری: تست تعیین مقاومتهای القایی روش مناسبی برای شناسایی الگوهای مقاومت در بین سویه های مختلف استافیلوکوک می باشد. به نظر می رسد انجام تست D درسویه های با فنوتیپ مقاوم به اریترومایسین ضروری بوده، وبا انجام این آزمایش می توان گزارش صحیح تری از حساسیت واقعی این سویه ها نسبت به کلیندامایسین ارائه داد. واژگان کلیدی: تست القا، کلیندامایسین، استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس، استافیلوکوکهای کوآگولازمنف

Globalization and the outbreak of COVID-19 : an empirical analysis

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the extension of globalization and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case fatality rate (CFR) calculated on 28 July 2020 in more than 150 countries. Our regression analyses show that countries with higher levels of socio-economic globalization are exposed to higher levels of CFR. The positive association between the level of globalization of countries and their COVID-19 fatality rate remains robust, controlling for cross-country differences in economic development and demographics, health care costs, health care capacity, quality of governance and continental dummies

The Effect of Adding Low-Dose Naloxone to Intrathecal Morphine on Postoperative Pain and Morphine Related Side Effects after Cesarean Section: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, spinal anaesthesia is a suitable choice for most elective and emergency cesarean section (C-section) deliveries. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of adding low-dose naloxone to intrathecal morphine on postoperative pain and morphine related side effects after C-section. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present double-blind, randomised clinical trial, 70 women aged over 18 years, who were candidates for elective medical C-section under spinal anaesthesia were selected and randomly assigned to either the study group or the control group. For spinal anaesthesia, 10 mg of Bupivacaine plus 100 μg of morphine was administered for all patients. However, patients in the study group received 20 µg of naloxone intrathecally; but the patients in the control group only received normal saline as a placebo. After surgery, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump with paracetamol (Apotel®) was connected to each patient. The intensity of postoperative pain in the patients was evaluated and recorded using Visual Acuity Screening (VAS) at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after the surgery. The patients were also examined for postoperative nausea and pruritus. RESULTS: Regardless of the groups to which the patients were assigned, a significant difference in pain intensity was observed during the study period (time effect; p < 0.001). Although the intensity of pain was lower in the study group, the difference was not statistically significant (group effect; p = 0.84). Also, there was no group time interaction between pain intensity and the times studied (p = 0.61). The incidence rates of postoperative nausea and pruritus were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, adding low dose naloxone to intrathecal morphine did not significantly change postoperative pain intensity in the patients undergone elective C-section using spinal anaesthesia; however, significantly decreased the severity of postoperative nausea and pruritus

Cloning of the Recombinant Cytochrome P450 Cyp141 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a Diagnostic Target and Vaccine Candidate

Background: Tuberculosis has been announced as a global emergency by World Health Organization and the second infectious agent of mortality worldwide. The general policy in the development of new vaccines is to develop some vaccines with higher efficiency not only for infants but also for adults compared with the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine. Recently, cytochrome P450 cyp141 has been introduced as a new target for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical samples. Objectives: The aim of this study was to clone this gene in order to pave the way for more evaluation. Materials and Methods: M. tuberculosis H37Rv DNA was extracted by a standard phenol-chlorophorm protocol. After designing the specific primers, P450 cyp141 gene was replicated by PCR. The purified PCR products were then subcloned into the pTZ57R/T plasmid vector. After extraction, enzyme digestion, and recombinant pTZ57R/T-cyp141 plasmid vector sequencing, the aforementioned products were cloned into a pET-26b plasmid vector. Then, the recombinant pET26b-cyp141 plasmid molecules were transformed to Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) using the transformation method. Next, the recombinant pET26b-cyp141 plasmids were purified and evaluated by the enzyme digestion analysis. Results: The cloning of P450 cyp141 gene was confirmed by the enzyme digestion and sequencing of the recombinant pTZ57R/T-cyp141 and pET26b-cyp141 plasmid vectors. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that the P450 cyp141 gene was successfully cloned into a pET26b plasmid vector as an expression vector. In this paper, for the first time in Iran, this gene was cloned for more purposes, including the expression and purification of the recombinant cytochrome P450 cyp141 protein