The comparison of total antioxidant capacity of serum and saliva between patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and control

Background and aim: In human body, there are a number of special systems to defend the damages caused by antioxidant. In some diseases the defense system against antioxidant activity alters and this alteration may be used in recognizing and the processing of different diseases. Diabetes is one of the most common and important chronic illnesses in which the antioxidant capacity is altered. The aim of this research was to determine and compare the antioxidant capacity of both serum and saliva of diabetics compare to the control group. Method: This is a cross - sectional research in which those under studying are 42 people of with typeII diabetes mellitus coming and going to the Arak diabetes center as the case group with 42 people of control group which were in the same age and sex with the people in the case group from the point of total antioxidant capacity in serum and saliva were compared. The capacity of antioxidant in serum and saliva was measured by FRAP method. Results: The average and standard deviation (mean±SD) of the total antioxidant capacity of serum and saliva in case group were in range: 2.51±0.088, 1.90±0.110 and in control group were: 2.90±0.107, 1.97±0.098 . (P=0.001, 0.74) From the statistical viewpoint, the increase in the total antioxidant capacity of serum in case group was meaningful, but the decrease in the total antioxidant capacity in saliva was not meaningful. Conclusion: Our results showed that the antioxidant capacity in the patients, s serum was higher than that in the control group. However, this difference was not observed in the saliva of these two groups. Conclusively, if this capacity of antioxidant is used in recognizing and processing of the disease, this difference should be taken into account

Genotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide on bone marrow erythrocytes of female Balb/C mouse

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: پراکسید هیدروژن یکی از متداول ترین انواع پراکسیدانت ها می باشد که در محیط های آرایشگاهی زنانه و کارخانه های شیمیایی مواد شوینده به وفور مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. اثرات ژنوتوکسیک این نوع مواد که تحت عنوان واکنش و تقابلات ژن و محیط نامیده می شود یکی از دغدغه های بهداشت و سلامت جهانی است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر پراکسید هیدروژن در ایجاد صدمات کروموزومی در اریتروسیت های مغز استخوان موش ماده نژاد Balb/C انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی از 63 سر موش ماده نژاد Balb/C به عنوان مدل آزمایشگاهی استفاده شد. موش های مذکور در گروه های کنترل، شاهد آزمایشگاهی و تجربی تقسیم شدند. موش های تجربی به مدت یک هفته، هر روز 2 و یا 5/3 ساعت به طور استنشاقی تحت تیمار با پراکسید هیدرو‍ژن (H2O2) قرار گرفتند. پس از انجام تیمار موش های تجربی و شاهد آزمایشگاهی و کنترل تشریح و سلول های مغز استخوان آنها به کمک سرم جنینی گوساله خارج و بعد از گسترش، فیکساسیون و رنگ آمیزی، بوسیله میکروسکوپ نوری تعداد اریتروسیت های پلی کروماتیک دارای میکرونوکلئوس شمارش گردید. داده های کمی به دست آمده توسط آزمون t تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: یافته های حاصل نشان داد میانگین تعداد اریتروسیت های پلی کروماتیک میکرونوکلئوس دار به ترتیب در گروه شاهد 1 و تجربی 1 (تیمار شده به مدت 2 ساعت با پراکسید هیدروژن) 01/1±87/8 و 05/3±75/35 (05/0

The determination of saliva antioxidant capacity in 15-17 year old Students of Arak high schools

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: رادیکال های آزاد، اتم‌ها یا مولکول هایی هستند که به خاطر وجود الکترون تک بسیار واکنش‌پذیر می باشند. عدم تعادل بین تولید رادیکال های آزاد و سیستم دفاعی آنتی اکسیدانها باعث ایجاد استرس اکسیداتیو می‌شود که می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز بیش از یکصد نوع بیماری باشد. آلاینده های محیطی که سطح آنها در شهر اراک به دلیل صنعتی بودن بالاست، یکی از عوامل افزاینده تولید رادیکال های آزاد می باشند. لذا در راستای پیشگیری از ایجاد بیماری در شهر اراک این مطالعه با هدف تعیین ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی دانش آموزان 17-15 ساله این شهر انجام شد. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی 720 نفر (395 دختر و 325 پسر) از دانش آموزان 17-15 ساله شهر اراک به روش نمونه‌گیری چند مرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند. در این مطالعه ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی تام بزاق با روش (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma=FRAP) اندازه‌گیری شد که این روش بر اساس توانایی بزاق در احیای یونهای فرو (Fe+3) به فریک (Fe+2) است. یافته‌ها: میانگین و انحراف معیار ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی تام بزاق m/mLμ 065/0±53/1 بود که این مقدار در پسرها 071/0±64/1 و در دخترها 059/0±42/1 میکرومول در میلی‌لیتر بود (001/0

Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on the Kidney Tissues of Quercetin-Treated NMRI Rats: A Stereological Study

Background and Objective: Considering the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in various products, including industrial and medical products, serious worries have been created regarding the potential dangers of silver nanoparticles. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on the kidney tissues of quercetin-treated NMRI rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult male NMRI rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6. The groups included the control group, the silver nanoparticles group (500 mg/kg/bw), the quercetin group (50 mg/kg/bw), and the silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg/bw) + quercetin (50 mg/kg/bw) group. Silver nanoparticles were fed orally on a daily basis for 35 days. Quercetin was injected intraperitoneally on a daily basis for 42 days. At the end of the study, after taking blood from the rats, the dissection, tissue passaging, and Heidenhain’s Azan staining stages were carried out. The total volumes of the kidney, cortex and medulla, renal corpuscle, and glomerulus were evaluated by a stereological method. A qualitative assessment of apoptotic cells was performed using the tunnel method. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood serum was specified as an indicator of lipid peroxidation by the Buege and Aust method. Results: Comparing the body weight and kidneys, and the total kidney, cortex, and medulla volumes showed no statistically significant difference between the silver nanoparticles group and the control group. The silver nanoparticles group showed a significant increase in the total mean renal corpuscle volume, glomerular volume, tuft volume, Bowman’s capsule membrane volume, and the amount of MDA compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the silver nanoparticles group in the total mean volume of Bowman’s capsule and capillary spaces compared to the control group (P<0.05). Quercetin could reduce the detrimental effects of silver nanoparticles on kidney cells as much as the control group; however, apoptosis was not shown in kidney cells in the group treated with quercetin. Assessing the cells in the silver nanoparticles group indicated the creation of apoptosis. The amount of serum MDA in the silver nanoparticles group showed a statistically significant increase compared to other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that quercetin could reduce the detrimental effects of silver nanoparticles on kidney cells as much as the control group

Metallic Nanoparticles for the Modulation of Tumor Microenvironment; A New Horizon

Cancer is one of the most critical human challenges which endangers many people’s lives every year with enormous direct and indirect costs worldwide. Unfortunately, despite many advanced treatments used in cancer clinics today, the treatments are deficiently encumbered with many side effects often encountered by clinicians while deploying general methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, or a combination thereof. Due to their low clinical efficacy, numerous side effects, higher economic costs, and relatively poor acceptance by patients, researchers are striving to find better alternatives for treating this life-threatening complication. As a result, Metal nanoparticles (Metal NPs) have been developed for nearly 2 decades due to their important therapeutic properties. Nanoparticles are quite close in size to biological molecules and can easily penetrate into the cell, so one of the goals of nanotechnology is to mount molecules and drugs on nanoparticles and transfer them to the cell. These NPs are effective as multifunctional nanoplatforms for cancer treatment. They have an advantage over routine drugs in delivering anticancer drugs to a specific location. However, targeting cancer sites while performing anti-cancer treatment can be effective in improving the disease and reducing its complications. Among these, the usage of these nanoparticles (NPs) in photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy are notable. Herein, this review is aimed at investigating the effect and appliances of Metal NPs in the modulation tumor microenvironment which bodes well for the utilization of vast and emerging nanomaterial resources

Regular consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink (Doogh) improved endothelial biomarkers in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as the underlying cause of diabetic angiopathy that eventually leads to cardiovascular disease, the major cause of death in diabetes. We recently demonstrated the ameliorating effect of regular vitamin D intake on the glycemic status of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, the effects of improvement of vitamin D status on glycemic status, lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects were investigated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Subjects with T2D were randomly allocated to one of the two groups to receive either plain yogurt drink (PYD; containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL, n₁= 50) or vitamin D3-fortified yogurt drink (FYD; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL, n₂= 50) twice a day for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures, glycemic status, lipid profile, body fat mass (FM) and endothelial biomarkers including serum endothelin-1, E-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were evaluated at the beginning and after the 12-week intervention period.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The intervention resulted in a significant improvement in fasting glucose, the Quantitative Insulin Check Index (QUICKI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triacylglycerols, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), endothelin-1, E-selectin and MMP-9 in FYD compared to PYD (<it>P </it>< 0.05, for all). Interestingly, difference in changes of endothelin-1, E-selectin and MMP-9 concentrations in FYD compared to PYD (-0.35 ± 0.63 versus -0.03 ± 0.55, <it>P </it>= 0.028; -3.8 ± 7.3 versus 0.95 ± 8.3, <it>P </it>= 0.003 and -2.3 ± 3.7 versus 0.44 ± 7.1 ng/mL, respectively, <it>P </it>< 0.05 for all), even after controlling for changes of QUICKI, FM and waist circumference, remained significant for endothelin-1 and MMP-9 (<it>P </it>= 0.009 and <it>P </it>= 0.005, respectively) but disappeared for E-selectin (<it>P </it>= 0.092). On the contrary, after controlling for serum 25(OH)D, the differences disappeared for endothelin-1(<it>P </it>= 0.066) and MMP-9 (<it>P </it>= 0.277) but still remained significant for E-selectin (<it>P </it>= 0.011).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Ameliorated vitamin D status was accompanied by improved glycemic status, lipid profile and endothelial biomarkers in T2D subjects. Our findings suggest both direct and indirect ameliorating effects of vitamin D on the endothelial biomarkers.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01236846">NCT01236846</a></p

. Protective role of green tea (Camellia sinensis) hydroalcholic extract on sperm parameters and testicular tissue in NMRI mice exposed to sodium arsenite

Background and Aim: Sodium arsenite is an environmental pollutant with the capacity of generating free radicals and tissue damage. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract (GTE), as an antioxidant, on sperm parameters and testis tissues of the mice treated with sodium arsenite. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four adult male NMRI mice with mean body weight 30±5g were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, sodium arsenite (5mg/kg/d.), GTE (100mg/kg/d.) and sodium arsenite+GTE. Oral treatments were performed as long as 34 days. At the end of treatments, body and left testis weight were recorded and the left caudal epididymis of each subject was cut under Ham's F10. Then, the released spermatozoa were used to analyze sperm parameters. Sperm chromatin quality was assessed by nuclear staining using acridine orange and aniline blue. The left testis of each mouse was used for histopathological observation. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured as an index of lipid peroxidation. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by means of one-was ANOVA at the significant level P<0.05. Results: A significant decrease in the number, motility, viability (P<0.001) and normal morphology of sperm (P<0.01) and also in mean diameter of seminiferous tubules, germinal epithelium thickness (P<0.001) were found in the mice treated with sodium arsenite compared to the controls. The mice treated with sodium arsenite revealed a significant increase in the mean diameter of seminiferous tubules lumen and MDA levels (P<0.001). The above parameters were significantly compensated in the sodium arsenite+GTE group. Sodium arsenite had no effect on the body and testis weight, diameter of spermatogonial nucleus, sperm DNA integrity, and histone-protamine replacement. Conclusion: The results indicate that green tea extract can partially be useful in reducing sodium arsenite-induced toxicity

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Ovarian Tissue of NMRI Rats Treated with Alpha Lipoic Acid: A Stereological Study

Background and Objective: Silver nanoparticles are produced in large quantities in the industry and have estrogenic activities and toxic effects on different organs. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on the ovarian tissue of NMRI rats treated with alpha lipoic acid. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 female NMRI rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6. The groups included the control group, oral silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg of body weight), injected alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg of body weight), and silver nanoparticles (500 mg/kg of body weight) plus alpha lipoic acid (100 mg/kg body weight). The treatment was performed for 28 days. After the treatment period, blood sampling was performed from the rats’ hearts to analyze biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde, estrogen, progesterone, and total antioxidant capacity using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method). By dissecting the rats, the left ovaries were removed, fixed, molded, and cut, tissue passaging was performed, and the ovaries were stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method. Then, the ovarian tissue was evaluated by different stereological methods. Results: The total mean ovarian volume, the cortex volume, the medulla volume, and the corpus luteum volume, and the total number of primordial, primary, secondary, and Graafian follicles were significantly reduced in the silver nanoparticles group compared to the control group (P<0.05). The simultaneous administration of alpha lipoic acid and silver nanoparticles compensated for the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on the above parameters. On the other hand, the mean number of different types of follicles in the rats treated with alpha lipoic acid significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). A statistically significant reduction was observed in the measurement of estrogen and progesterone hormones in the serum of the silver nanoparticles group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, in assessing the antioxidant capacity of the serum of the group treated simultaneously with silver nanoparticles + alpha lipoic acid, a statistically significant increase was observed compared to the group treated with silver nanoparticles (P<0.05). Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles can have adverse effects on the structure of the ovary and its components, and alpha lipoic acid can largely compensate for these detrimental effects

تدوین بسته آموزشی-تمرینی ویژه افراد با کم توانی ذهنی: تدوین اصول و مبانی تمرین، بهترین نوع تمرینات و جزئیات برنامه تمرینی

Background and aim: The purpose of this research was to edition of an educational-exercise package for people with intellectual disabilities, with an emphasis on compiling the principles of exercise, the best types of exercises, and the details of the exercise program (FITT-VP) for this people. Methods: In this research, which was carried out with the financial support of Iran National Science Foundation, the researcher compiled a special exercise training package for these people and implemented this package on 7-18-year-old students with intellectual disabilities and determined the strengths and weaknesses of the exercises and then completed the exercise training package to present to the community. The members of the sample group were 36 students with intellectual disabilities who were studying in an exceptional school in Tehran. Results: After reviewing the research done, the researchers compiled 12 basic principles of sports training and the best way of sports training in these people, that include cognitive and perceptual-action training, development of muscle function, development of psychosocial skills, development of physical fitness and motor development skills, development of physical activity, specialized sports, aerobic exercises, flexibility exercises, weight loss exercise programs, and balance training. Conclusion: These guidelines for physical activity and exercise of people with intellectual disabilities are presented and it is suggested that trainers and experts in the field of sports science use these exercises as a comprehensive guide for these people.سابقه و هدف: هدف از اجرای این تحقیق تدوین بسته آموزشی-تمرینی ویژه افراد با کم توانی ذهنی و با تاکید بر تدوین اصول و مبانی تمرین، بهترین نوع تمرینات و جزئیات برنامه تمرینی این افراد بود.&nbsp; روش کار: در این تحقیق که با حمایت مالی و به سفارش صندوق حمایت از پژوهشگران و فناوران کشور انجام شد، محققین اقدام به تدوین بسته آموزشی تمرینی ویژه این افراد نموده و این بسته را بر روی دانش آموزان 18-7 ساله با کم توانی ذهنی اجرا و نقاط قوت و ضعف تمرینات را مشخص و اقدام به تکمیل بسته آموزشی تمرینی برای ارائه به جامعه نمودند. اعضاء گروه نمونه 36 دانش آموز با کم توانی ذهنی مشغول به تحصیل در یک مدرسه استثنائی شهر تهران بودند. یافته­ها: محققین پس از مطالعه و مرور تحقیقات انجام شده 12 اصول زیربنایی تمرین ورزشی در افراد با کم توانی ذهنی را تدوین نموده و بهترین شیوه تمرین ورزشی در این افراد را تمرینات ادراک عمل و شناختی، توسعه عملکرد عضلانی، توسعه مهارتهای روانی اجتماعی، توسعه آمادگی جسمانی و رشد مهارتهای حرکتی، توسعه فعالیت بدنی، ورزش تخصصی، تمرینات هوازی، تمرینات انعطاف پذیری، برنامه های تمرین کاهش وزن و تمرینات تعادلی گزارش نمودند. نتیجه گیری: این خطوط راهنما برای فعالیت بدنی و تمرین افراد با کم توانی ذهنی ارائه شده و پیشنهاد می شود تا مربیان و متخصصان حوزه علوم ورزشی این تمرینات را به عنوان یک راهنمای&nbsp; جامع برای تمرین این افراد استفاده نمایند

Effect of Incubation Time and Vitamin E Supplementation on Sperm Motility, Viability and DNA Fragmentation in Asthenoteratozoospermic Samples

Abstract Background: In Asthenoteratozoospermic‎ men, low motility, defected DNA and highly oxidative stress in ‎sperm ‎‎cause ‎poor‎ assisted reproductive techniques (ART) outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Vitamin E (Vit E), as a potent antioxidant, on sperm motility, viability and DNA integrity at different times of in vitro incubation (after 2, 4 and 6-h) to improve asthenoteratozoospermic semen samples for ART. Materials and Methods: Asthenoteratozoospermic semen samples of 50 volunteers were collected and examined. Each sample was divided into two groups of control and vitamin E (2mM) and kept in the 37 °C and 6 % CO2 for 2, 4 and 6 hours. After this incubation, sperm motility, viability and sperm DNA fragmentation (SCD) were evaluated in each group. Data were analyzed using repeated measurement of ANOVA and T-test. The means were considered significantly different at p<0.05. Results:Significant decrease in total and progressive motility and viability as well as significant increase in sperm DNA damage (after 6h of incubation) were found in control group vs. the control group before incubation (p<0.05). The sperm motility and viability was significantly higher in vitamin E group compared to untreated control group (p<0.05). Our results also showed that DNA fragmentation significantly was lower after 6h of vitamin E treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: In vitro supplementation of vitamin E in asthenoteratozoospermia semen samples may protect spermatozoa from maltreatment effect of ROS during sperm sampling via keeping enzymatic and antioxidant process in optimum condition