The Extend of Criminal Responsibilities of a Superior for the Commission of Offences by the Subordinates

The superior is responsible for atrocities committed by the subordinates violating International Humanitarian Law is not a new concept in the legal arena but it was applied even in the ancient time among the leaders of the tribe. Although the doctrine of superior responsibility was applied in many cases before and after the Second and First World War but it was first codified in articles 86&86 of the Additional Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions 1949. Now, it is established by many international instruments i.e.Statute of International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. and case laws that the superior is liable for committing international crimes i.e. crimes against humanity, war crime and genocide, by the subordinates but from beginning to today a debate is continuing  either the superior is responsible for the offences committed by the subordinates or for a separate offence committed by superior through omission to discharge his duty to prevent, control and punish the subordinates for violating war laws. In This paper intends to establish that the superior is not responsible for the offences committed by the subordinates as a mode of liability or as an accomplice but he/she is liable for separate offence for his/her failure to prevent and suppress the subordinates. Secondly the authors want to clear that superior and principal offender is not the same person but if a superior by orders, abets, instigates in any other modes participate in the commission of the offences then the superior is responsible for the offences committed by the subordinates. Key words: Superior responsibility, command responsibility, responsibility, subordinates. International Humanitarian La

Effects of Non-farm Employments on Poverty among Small Households in Developed Villages of Bangladesh: A Case of Comilla Sadar Upazila

The study aims at estimating comprehensive effects of non-farm employments (NFEs) on poverty based on an intensive field survey conducted in 2008 on about 175 small landholding households in developed four villages of Comilla Sadar Upazila. We analyze participating factors of small household workers in NFEs and their effects on household production (farming and non-farm activities) and consumption (both food and non-food). For estimating consumption effects (poverty), we focus on food adequacy, income poverty and education poverty (as a part of human poverty). At each level of estimation, we depend on appropriate econometric regressions. Results find the significant positive role of overall NFEs on household NFAs rather faming. Remittance incomes do not contribute in household production either farming or non-farm activities and food adequacy; and thus, these must be spent on non-food consumption. Education-poverty levels are worse than income poverty levels among small households. The increasing NFI is reducing some income poverty, but it is yet to realize in achieving household education; however, access to formal sector employments by the small household workers is significantly reducing education poverty. Therefore, qualitative diversification of the poor household workers and productive use of household remittance incomes deserve special attention.Non-farm employments, household economy, production, consumption, income poverty, education poverty, Bangladesh, Consumer/Household Economics, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, J43, O15, Q12, Q17, R15,

Evidence of sibling species between two host-associated populations of brown planthopper, N. lugens (stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidea) complex based on morphology and host–plant relationship studies

Morphological and host–plant relationship studies were conducted to differentiate two sympatric populations of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one from rice (Oryza sativa) and the other from Leersia hexandra, a weed grass. In morphometric studies based on esterase activities, an UPGMA dendrogram using 17 quantitative morphological characters, including stridulatory organs (courtship signal-producing organs) between two sympatric populations of N. lugens, one from rice and the other from L. hexandra, a weed grass revealed that both populations were separated from each other. An out-group, N. bakeri, was found to be completely different from the two sympatric populations of N. lugens. Rice plants were best suited for the establishment of the rice-infesting population, and L. hexandra was a favourable host for the Leersia-infesting population. The individuals derived from one host did not thrive on the other host, as shown by a significant reduction in survival and nymphal development, ovipositional preferences, ovipositional response, and egg hatchability. Therefore, morphological and host–plant relationship studies indicate that rice-associated population with high esterase activities and L. heaxandra-associated population with low esterase activities are two closely related sibling species

Combining ability of pod yield and related traits of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under salinity stress

A study was performed using 6 × 6 F1 diallel population without reciprocals to assess the mode of inheritance of pod yield and related traits in groundnut with imposed salinity stress. Heterosis was found for pod number and yield. Data on general and specific combining ability (gca and sca) indicated additive and nonadditive gene actions. The gca: sca ratios were much less than unity suggesting predominant role of nonadditive gene effects. Cultivars "Binachinabadam-2" and "Dacca-1" and mutant M 6/25/64-82 had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod number, as well as gca values, respectively. These two cultivars and another mutant M6/15/70-19 also had the highest, second highest, and third highest pod yield, as well as gca values, respectively. Therefore, "Dacca-1", "Binachinabadam-2", M6/25/64-82, and M6/15/70-19 could be used as source of salinity tolerance. Cross combinations showing high sca effects arising from parents with high and low gca values for any trait indicate the influence of nonadditive genes on their expression. Parents of these crosses can be used for biparental mating or reciprocal recurrent selection for developing high yielding varieties. Crosses with high sca effects having both parents with good gca effects could be exploited by pedigree breeding to get transgressive segregants

Do non-farm incomes really matter for poverty among small households in rural Bangladesh? A case of advanced villages

Given the critical importance of the non-farm sector in rural Bangladesh, this paper examines the comprehensive effects of non-farm incomes on poverty reduction, namely, household production and consumption. The study was based on the original field survey with data from about 175 small households in advanced villages of Bangladesh. Standard micro-econometric techniques were used for the empirical analyses. The study found that the small households in advanced villages were in a stage that their non-farm incomes did not contribute significantly to their household production for either farm or non-farm and food consumption (calorie adequacy); and accordingly, these could be spent on non-food consumption. Finally, the study found that the overall non-farm income significantly mattered for reducing income poverty but could be still low to be realized in reducing education poverty. However, among the non-farm income components, while out-country remittance and non-farm selfemployment incomes were more income poverty (incidence and gap) reducing compared to non-farm wage and in-country remittance incomes, the remittance incomes (both in-country and out-country) were reducing the severity of education poverty. Thus, the qualitative diversification of the small household workers and productive use (preferably in farm/non-farm production and demand driven education) of non-farm incomes deserved special attention

Genotype by environment assessment in sweetpotato as leafy vegetable using AMMI model

The genotype by environment (G×E) interactions can be observed by differential genotypic responses to varied environmental conditions. Its effect is to limit the accuracy of yield estimates and complicate the identification of specific genotypes for specific environments. The objective of this study was to use the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interactions (AMMI) method, with additive effects for genotypes and environments and multiplicative terms for genotype by environment interaction for analyzing data of 6 sweetpotato genotypes at 8 agro-environments. Results indicated that genotypes MIB05 and MIB14 were suitable for vegetable use for their higher shoot yield despite the root yield was low but they had low stability among agro-environments especially for 2 environments in Pontian, Johor with peat soil but these genotypes are suitable for 2 seasons of Telong, Kelantan. More breeding efforts are needed in order to improve the yield stability of these genotypes. AMMI biplot analysis has shown its advantage as helpful tool in identifying the best genotype for improving leafy vegetable for a new cycle of crossing and selection. Moreover, results indicated that MIB20 (control variety) had high stability with low interaction effects in eight agro-environments

Selection of a high yielding soybean variety: Binasoybean-1

Collected 201 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] germplasm were evaluated for selection of desirable germplasm for registration as variety and/or for future utilization as breeding materials. Among the germplasm, nine were selected on the basis of better field performance considering their seed yield, morphological characters and yield attributes. Results showed that BAU-S/80 produced higher number of pods/plant and its yield was 2516 kg/ha as against 2142 and 2108 kg/ha of the two control varieties, Sohag and BARISoybean-5, respectively. Yield trials of BAU-S/80 were carried out in both rabi and kharif seasons during the period from 2007 to 2010 in selected locations under soybean growing areas of Bangladesh and found to be suitable for cultivation in the farmers' field. BAU-S/80 was found to be moderately resistant to soybean yellow mosaic virus and collar rot diseases, and also showed lower insect infestation than control varieties. On the basis of superior performance of BAU-S/80, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) applied for registration to the National Seed Board NSB of Bangladesh. Consequently, the NSB of Bangladesh registered BAU-S/80 as Binasoybean-1 in 2011 for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh

Potential impacts of climate change on precipitation and temperature at Jor Dam Lake

Rising global temperatures have threatened the operating conditions of Batang Padang hydropower reservoir system, Malaysia. It is therefore crucial to analyze how such changes in temperature and precipitation will affect water availability in the reservoir in the coming decades. Thus, to predict future climate data, including daily precipitation, and minimum and maximum temperature, a statistical weather generator (LARS-WG) is used as a downscaling model. Observed climate data (1984-2012) were employed to calibrate and validate the model, and to predict future climate data based on SRES A1B, A2, and B1 scenarios simulated by the General Circulation Model's (GCMs) outputs in 50 years. The results show that minimum and maximum temperatures will increase around 0.3-0.7 °C. Moreover, it is expected that precipitation will be lower in most months. These parameters greatly influence water availability and elevation in the reservoir, which are key factors in hydropower generation potential. In the absence of a suitable strategy for the operation of the hydropower reservoir, which does not consider the effects of climate change, this research could help managers to modify their operation strategy and mitigate such effects

Development of metal-organic frameworks for biomedical applications - a review

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials made from coordination bonding of organic linkers and metal nodes. Nowadays, MOFs have already achieved a considerable growth in many fields including in bio-related applications. In this review, we focus on the alternative, green route of MOFs synthesis as well as their toxicological properties. We also highlighted the potential of MOFs as therapeutic agents and nano-MOFs (NMOFs) for biomedical sensing. Water as an alternative media for MOF synthesis showed excellent results in term of particle size, stability and selectivity. Toxicological assessments revealed Fe (III) and MIL-100 as the most promising metal and MOF for medical applications. It was also shown that MOFs are sensitive towards physiological and pathological criteria such as pH, fluorescence and O2. Although many attempts have been made in utilizing MOFs for bio applications, further improvements should be considered before MOFs can become effective therapeutics options