The metaphor of the dog in Arabic Literature

This essay deals with the metaphor of the dog in Arabic philosophical literature. The metaphor is viewed in relation to the imagery of the rider and the horse, which vividly demonstrates the dynamic relation of the three faculties of the soul. Our focus is on the irascible faculty, the emotion of anger. The dog metaphor brings out the positive dimension of emotion. Classical Arabic literature views the soul as a substance distinct from the body, and has many illustrations showing the superiority of the soul over the body. What makes the soul special is its rational faculty, its capacity to reason. In the rider-horse imagery, the rider is the metaphor for reason, the horse the metaphor for passion, and the dog the metaphor for anger. A balanced soul coordinates these faculties in right proportion. The imagery of horse-riding, used in Arabic and Greek philosophical literature, provides the most powerful image to explain how the three faculties of the soul interact with one another. The article examines the imagery from a literary and philosophical perspective. Scientific knowledge of the horse and dog will enhance our insight and appreciation of the richness of the metaphor. The method of analysis is based on four primary classical texts: Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics in Miskawayh’s eleven century Arabic translation, Tahdhib al-Akhlaq (Refinement of Character ), Galen’s Ethics in Arabic translation, and al-Raghib al-Isfahani’s al-Dhari’ah ila Makarim al-Shari’ah (“The Means to the Noble Qualities of the Law”)

A Critical Study of Doubt (Shakk) and Certainty (Yaqīn) in Ghazālī’s Epistemology

Magister Artium - MAOur secular age is a period of scepticism and ubiquitous doubt. The epistemology of a paradigmatic figure like Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (1058-1111) is central to Islamic intellectual thought, but also speaks to our modern world. In this research dissertation we embark on a critical study of doubt (shakk) and certainty (yaqīn) in Ghazālī’s epistemology. We ask, what is the nature and function of doubt, and how do we best acquire truth and certainty according to Ghazālī? In our evaluation of scepticism in Ghazālī’s epistemology, we analyse the notion of existential doubt and his methodological doubt. In the latter, we look at his scepticism of the methods of knowing as a means to establish the foundations of knowledge. Also, we look at his scepticism as an instrument to cast doubt upon heterodox doctrines and show the limitations of philosophical logic. In this study we assess Ghazālī’s attitude to philosophical demonstration and Sufism as a means to certainty. In early scholarship surrounding Ghazālī, it was assumed that he was a vehement adversary to philosophy. On the other hand, in much of contemporary scholarship, Ghazālī has been understood to give preference to philosophy as the ultimate means to certainty, undermining the place of Sufism. In this study we evaluate these claims; we argue that he was not antagonistic to philosophy and regarded it as a legitimate approach to certainty, but recognised Sufism as a superior approach. Much of previous scholarship has either focused on Ghazālī as a Sufi or a philosopher; we attempt to embark on a parallel approach in which we acknowledge each discipline in its right place within Ghazālī’s epistemology. Thus, in analysing Ghazālī’s approach to acquiring certainty, we evaluate his foundationalism, his attitude to authoritative instruction (taʿlim), and the place of philosophical demonstration and Sufism

On the Steenrod operations in cyclic cohomology

For a commutative Hopf algebra A over ℤ/p, where p is a prime integer, we define the Steenrod operations pi in cyclic cohomology of A using a tensor product of a free resolution of the symmetric group Sn and the standard resolution of the algebra A over the cyclic category according to Loday (1992). We also compute some of these operations

HER2/neu expression status of post BCG recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinomas in relation to their primary ones

Background: Transurethral resection (TUR) followed by adjuvant therapy is still the treatment of choice of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (NMIBUC). However, recurrence is one of the most troublesome features of these lesions. Early second resection and adjuvant BCG therapy has been shown to improve the outcome. Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of C-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) expression status in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma cases, before and after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG immunotherapy). Materials and methods: HER2/neu expression was studied in 120 (Ta-T1) Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma cases. The expression was evaluated and compared to the expression after Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. Results: HER2/neu expression in low and high grade of the Non- Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma was (38%) and (83%) respectively. The difference of the expression rates by tumor grade was statistically significant. In recurring lesions post BCG therapy, C-erbB-2 expression was markedly decreased (31.6%) when compared to its expression before therapy (65%). Conclusions: The HER2/neu expression increased as the tumor grade rose. The reduction in expression following BCG treatment in Non-Invasive transitional cell carcinoma cases could reflect a reduction of the potential malignancy of the tumor

The Islamic conception of human nature with special reference to the development of an Islamic psychology

Bibliography: pages 391-401.This thesis constitutes an analysis of the Islamic conception of the primary elements of human nature, namely, the heart, intellect, will, soul and psyche. This analysis embraces the major schools of thought within the Islamic tradition. The Islamic conception of human nature is based on the primary Islamic sources, namely, Qur'an, hadith; and is further substantiated by referring to the works of a variety of classical Islamic scholars. The Islamic perspective of the primary elements of man has provided a basis for determining the principles of an Islamic psychology

Insan yang suci: konsep fitrah dalam Islam, ed.1/ Mohamed

221 hal.: ill.; 21 cm

Insan yang suci: konsep fitrah dalam Islam, ed.1/ Mohamed

221 hal.: ill.; 21 cm

Insan yang suci: konsep fitrah dalam Islam, ed.1/ Mohamed

221 hal.: ill.; 21 cm

Investment process within municipalities : How does the investment process take place in the case of intangible investments in municipalities

Alla kommuner har investerat eller är i behov av investeringar, vissa mer än andra. Idag blir immateriella investeringar allt mer väsentliga för alla typer av organisationer, kommuner är inget undantag. För att en investering ska genomföras går kommuner igenom processer som har en stark relation till politiken. Tidigare studier om immateriella investeringar är redan väldigt tunn, kommunala immateriella investeringar är även mer tunn. Syftet med denna studie är att förbättra kunskapen om hur investeringsprocessen i kommunala immateriella investeringar går till, även ge en översiktlig bild på hur hela investeringsprocessen går till vid immateriella investeringar. Det som visats i studien är att det finns faktorer som påverkar kommunerna bland annat vilken syn de har på immateriella investeringarna, vad kommunen är i för situation vad gäller politiken, in- eller utflyttnings takten. Med vår analys hoppas vi att det klargjorts hur den kommunala immateriella investeringsprocessen går till inom kommuner.All municipalities have invested or are in need of investments, some more than others. Today, intangible investments are becoming more important for all types of organizations, municipalities are no exception. In order for an investment to be implemented, municipalities go through processes that have a strong relationship with politics. Previous studies on intangible investments are already very thin, municipal intangible investments are even thinner. The purpose of this study is to improve the knowledge of how investment appraisals regarding municipal intangible investments are carried out, and also to provide an overview of how the entire investment process is carried out with these kinds of investments. What has been shown in the study is that there are factors that affect the municipalities, such as their view of intangible investments, the municipality's situation in terms of politics, the rate of immigration or emigration. With our analysis, we hope that it has been clarified how the municipal intangible investment process takes place with inmunicipalities

Investment process within municipalities : How does the investment process take place in the case of intangible investments in municipalities

Alla kommuner har investerat eller är i behov av investeringar, vissa mer än andra. Idag blir immateriella investeringar allt mer väsentliga för alla typer av organisationer, kommuner är inget undantag. För att en investering ska genomföras går kommuner igenom processer som har en stark relation till politiken. Tidigare studier om immateriella investeringar är redan väldigt tunn, kommunala immateriella investeringar är även mer tunn. Syftet med denna studie är att förbättra kunskapen om hur investeringsprocessen i kommunala immateriella investeringar går till, även ge en översiktlig bild på hur hela investeringsprocessen går till vid immateriella investeringar. Det som visats i studien är att det finns faktorer som påverkar kommunerna bland annat vilken syn de har på immateriella investeringarna, vad kommunen är i för situation vad gäller politiken, in- eller utflyttnings takten. Med vår analys hoppas vi att det klargjorts hur den kommunala immateriella investeringsprocessen går till inom kommuner.All municipalities have invested or are in need of investments, some more than others. Today, intangible investments are becoming more important for all types of organizations, municipalities are no exception. In order for an investment to be implemented, municipalities go through processes that have a strong relationship with politics. Previous studies on intangible investments are already very thin, municipal intangible investments are even thinner. The purpose of this study is to improve the knowledge of how investment appraisals regarding municipal intangible investments are carried out, and also to provide an overview of how the entire investment process is carried out with these kinds of investments. What has been shown in the study is that there are factors that affect the municipalities, such as their view of intangible investments, the municipality's situation in terms of politics, the rate of immigration or emigration. With our analysis, we hope that it has been clarified how the municipal intangible investment process takes place with inmunicipalities