Prediction of Disease Using Machine Learning over Big Data-Survey

With massive information development in medical specialty and aid community, precise analysis of medical information advantages premature disease detection, patient care and community services. although, the analysis accuracy is reduced once the standard of medical information is incomplete. moreover, completely different regions exhibit distinctive characteristics of bound regional diseases, which can weaken the prediction of illness outbreaks. during this paper, we tend to contour machine learning algorithms for effective prediction of chronic malady eruption in disease-frequent communities. we tend to experiment the tailored prediction models over real-life hospital information collected from central China in 2013-2015. to beat the problem of incomplete information, we tend to use a latent issue model to build the missing information. we tend to experiment on a regional chronic illness of cerebral infarction. we tend to propose a replacement convolutional neural network based multimodal disease risk prediction (CNN-MDRP) algorithmic program victimisation structured and unstructured information from hospital. To the simplest of our data, none of the prevailing work targeted on each information varieties within the space of medical massive information analytics. Compared to many typical prediction algorithms, the prediction accuracy of our projected algorithmic program reaches ninety four.8% with a convergence speed that is faster than that of the CNN-based unimodal disease risk prediction (CNN-UDRP) algorithmic program

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF Senna alata LINN LEAVES EXTRACT

Objective:The objective of the present work is to evaluate the presence of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different extracts from the leaves of Senna alata Linn.Methods: The serial exhaustive extraction was done with variousof solvents: Aqueous, Chloroforms, Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone, Benzene, Petroleum ether with increasing polarity using soxhlet apparatus. The phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard procedure. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method by using leaves extract against various human pathogens.Results: The results revealed that the leaves extracts contain Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Tannins, Phlobatannins, Saponins, Cardiac glycosides, Carbohydrate, Protein and Anthraquinones in major proportion. Aqueous extract was shown to be more effective against all the organisms followed by ethanol, chloroform, methanol, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether extracts. Salmonella typhi (28mm), Bacillus subtilis (28mm) was found to be most sensitive organism followed by Pseudomonas fluorescence (27mm), Escherichia coli (27mm). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the different extracts of Senna alata leaves extract contain a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites and also exhibit antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Further phytochemical research is needed to identity the active product of S. alata may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals

Formulation and Development of Extended Release Dosage form of an Anticonvulsant Drug

INTRODUCTION: The ideal dosage regimen is that by which an acceptable therapeutic concentration of drug at the site(s) of action is attained immediately and is then maintained constant for the desired duration of the treatment. If the provided dose size and frequency of administration are correct, therapeutic steady state plasma concentration of a drug can be achieved promptly and maintained by the respective administration of conventional peroral dosage forms. However there are number of potential limitations associated with this. These limitations are: 1. The concentration of drug in the plasma and hence at the site(s) of action of the drug fluctuates over successive dosing intervals, even when the so-called ‘Steadystate condition’ is achieved. Hence it is not possible to maintain a therapeutic concentration of drug which remains constant at the site(s) of action for the duration of treatment. 2. The inevitable fluctuations of steady-state concentrations of drug in the plasma and hence at the site(s) of action can lead to a patient being over or under medicated. 3. For drugs with short biological half-lives frequent doses are required to maintain steady state plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range. For such drugs, the maintenance of therapeutic plasma concentrations is particularly susceptible to the consequence of forgotten doses and the overnight no-dose period. AIM: The aim of the work is to design and develop Extended Release (ER) tablets of an anticonvulsant drug and to carry out the in- vitro release study of the drug. OBJECTIVES: a) To carry out preformulation and physicochemical characterization of drug and excipients. b) To formulate extended release tablets of anticonvulsant drug. c) To optimize the ER formulations based on pre and post compression characterization. d) To carry out stability studies as per ICH guidelines. SUMMARY: In the study, anticonvulsant drug was selected for designing extended release matrix tablets. Pre-formulation studies were done with API. Compatibility was done before choosing the excipients for the study with physical observation and FTIR studies. The samples were charged in stability chambers at conditions 30°C/65%RH and 40°C/75%RH for 30 days. All the pre-formulation studies and compatibility studies were found to be satisfactory. So formulation trials were followed with the selected excipients. Blend for ER formulation was prepared by wet granulation method. Hypromellose K4M and Hypromellose K15M were used as release retarding polymers for optimizing the formula. Six trials were taken to optimize the release of API in ER form to be within specifications. F5 is the optimized formula with 11.66% concentration of HPMC K15M polymer which optimized the drug release profile as per predetermined specifications. A reproducibility trial F6 was performed to check the reproducibility of process of drug release as per F5. For the ER form, Other excipients include povidone as binder, Lactose monohydrate as diluent, colloidal silicon dioxide as glidant and Magnesium stearate as Lubricant. Instacoat yellow was used as ready mix. Post-Compression analysis of all formulations like Hardness, Weight variation, Friability and Assay were within the limits for all the formulations. In-vitro dissolution studies were performed by HPLC method revealed that the formulation F5 released the drug as per the specifications. Kinetic Model fitting was done by plotting graphs for Zero-Order kinetics, First-Order kinetics, Higuchi’s Kinetic model and Korsemeyer - Peppas kinetic model. The formulation selected was F5 which has shown the release rate of the drug by First order kinetics and follows matrix diffusion controlled mechanism. Accelerated stability studies are being performed. CONCLUSION: The aim of the study is to design and develop extended release matrix tablets of anticonvulsant drugs. Hypromellose, water swellable polymer was selected for the extended release of API. The formulation was optimized to obtain the release of API for a sustained period of 12 hours. In the initial trials, Hypromellose K4M of low viscosity grade was used, and then Hypromellose K15M of high viscosity grade was selected to check the feasibility of the polymer to sustain the release of API. With HPMC K4M the drug release was not controlled to the desired limit of 30-60% at 6th hour. So, a still high viscous polymer Hypromellose K15M was used in the formulations F-4 to F-6. The incorporation of the Polymer intragranularly at concentration 11.66% gave an optimum release profile within specifications. From graphs plotted for various Kinetic models, it can be concluded that the F5 follows First-order kinetics as the plots of that model had shown higher regression value. F5 formula extended the release and follows matrix diffusion controlled mechanism

Bacterial endophytes: a reservoir of bioactive anti-microbial compounds

Bacterial endophytes are found on all types of plants and is a potential source of bioactive compounds which can be utilized to fight against multi-resistant pathogens and could be further develop into new leads for antibiotic development. However, the research done on the bacterial endophytes is relatively new and has potential to grow as it is theorized that each plant has one or more bacterial endophytes inhabiting them. This review aims to review the studies that have been done previously and give new insights on the latest trends in this field of research

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies of combined pyrazol-barbituric acid pharmacophores

Purpose: To synthesize, and determine the antibacterial activity and binding mode of new pyrazolbarbituric acid derivatives in a search for new antimicrobial agents.Methods: One-pot multi-component reaction of aldehyde derivatives, barbituric acid and 3-methyl-1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one in the presence of NHEt2 to afford Michael adduct was carried out. The reaction was carried out in water and afforded new heterocycles in a one-step fashion, with expedient work-up and high yield without extraction and purification steps. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity using agar disc diffusion. Molecular docking approach via MOE-Dock program was applied to predict the binding interactions of some of the new pyrazol-barbituric acid derivatives against six different target proteins downloaded from Protein Data Bank.Results: A series of pyrazole-barbituric acid derivatives were successfully synthesized and characterized. The synthesized compounds showed moderate to very good antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 and E. faecalis ATCC29212, as well as also antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10400Conclusion: A series of pyrazole-barbituric acid derivatives has been synthesized and some of them display antimicrobial activities.Keywords: Pyrazole, Barbituric acid, Pyrazole-barbituric acid derivatives, Antimicrobial activity, Molecular dockin

Measurement Accuracy Assessment For Laser Triangulation 3D Scanning Machine

Laser triangulation 3D scanning machine is one of many types of 3D scanning technologies that are currently available in the current market. It is mainly use to capture object profiles as well as for measurement. Therefore, the measurement accuracy of laser triangulation 3D scanner was assessed and presented in paper. Three solid aluminum calibration block with known dimensions were fabricated by using CNC machine and these samples were named based on its profiles which are round, square and complex. Besides the laser triangulation 3D scanning machine, two more measuring equipment which are Vernier caliper and coordinate measuring machine were used as benchmarks. Three profiles were chose for each calibration block samples that made up of 9 profiles that have been measured and the deviation between the measuring values were analyzed. The results shown that the lowest deviation values for most of the profiles are from coordinate measuring machine and Vernier caliper measurement data. Nevertheless, the measurement deviation for laser triangulation 3D scanner are found to be comparable with other equipment

Effects of Open-Top Chamber on soil chemical properties and microbial growth

Global warming is the main concern in today’s century as it comes with numerous side effects to the natural environment. Open Top Chambers (OTC) consist of metal constructions with transparent vertical side-walls and a frustum on top. An opening in the middle of the frustum allows an air exchange to reduce temperature and humidity effects in the chamber. The size of the open top chamber which is located in Universiti Putra Malaysia is slanted 60o , 50cm tall, 2.08m basal diameter hexagon chamber. The Open Top Chamber experiments were carried out to determine how much global warming has affected and is still affecting the temperature, pH, the moisture and the growth of the microbes in the tropical soil. The aim of this study is to elucidate the effects of temperature increase on the soil microbes’ population and on the pH of the soil. The study was conducted to observe the effect of heat on the population of soil microbes and the pH of the soil which was collected on the same day for 6 consecutive months. The microbes from the samples were grown on agar plates. The population of microbes on the plates were used as values were for Colony Forming Unit (CFU) value calculations. The effects of OTCs on mean temperature showed a large range of CFU values throughout the 6 months but did not differ significantly between studies. Increases in mean monthly and diurnal temperature were strongly related, indicating that the presence of warming effect by the OTCs. Such predictive power allows a better mechanistic understanding of observed biotic response to experimental warming. This study will be useful for the understanding of the global warming effect on microbes. The Open Top Chamber experiment has proven to be one of the effective model for global warming research and data collected especially on the growth of soil microbial obtained would be of great use for further experiments

Orthopedic Calf Cast Using Antioxidative FS3200PA Nylon 3D Printing: Design And Optimization

Current cast designs such as heavy plaster cast come up with many disadvantages to patient like discomfort and itchy skin. Most of the hospitals in Malaysia are still using traditional custom made cast which is made by paris and mold that cannot be recycled. The objectives of this project were to design custom fit orthopedic cast and to optimize the weight of cast that used material of FS3200PA Nylon powder that has generally good anti-oxidative properties and not harmful to health. Computer Aided Design (CAD) software and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) computer software were used to design and optimize the shape and geometry of calf cast. T-Scan LV system is used for scanning process. The load applied for simulation are 981 N, 784.8 N, and 588.6 and the thickness varies between 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. Safety factor of 1.0 ≤ s. f ≤ 3.0 is considered in selecting the acceptable combination. Fabrication of the cast had been made by used the Farsoon SS 402P laser sintering system. Through optimization and analysis, three combinations of the models are proven to be a safe-to-use model

Comparative Catalytic Evaluation of Nano-ZrO x

This work reports the zirconia (ZrOx) nanoparticles doped MnCO3 catalysts prepared by facile and simple coprecipitation technique and the synthesis of zirconia-manganese carbonate [X% ZrOx–MnCO3] (where X% = 0–7%) catalyst which upon calcination at 400°C is converted to zirconia-manganese dioxide [1% ZrOx–MnO2] and when calcined at 500°C is converted to zirconia-manganic trioxide [1% ZrOx–Mn2O3]. A comparative catalytic study was performed to investigate the catalytic efficiency between carbonate and oxides for the selective oxidation of 1-phenylethanol by using molecular O2 as a clean oxidant. The influence of several parameters such as w/w% of ZrOx, reaction time, calcination temperature, catalyst amount, and reaction temperature has been thoroughly examined using oxidation of 1-phenylethanol as a model substrate. The 1% ZrOx–MnCO3 precalcined at 300°C exhibited the best catalytic efficiency. It was found that ZrOx nanoparticles also play an essential role in enhancing the effectiveness of the catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of synthesized catalysts were evaluated by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. An extremely high specific activity of 40 mmol·g−1·h−1 with a 100% conversion of oxidation product and selectivity of >99% was achieved within extremely short reaction time (6 min)

Structural Characterization And Electrochemical Performance Of Nitrogen Doped Graphene Supercapacitor Electrode Fabricated By Hydrothermal Method

The introduction of nitrogen (N) into graphene is of great focus as it escalates overall device performance as the introduction of N atoms improves the electronics of the graphene. In this work, the N-doped graphene electrode was prepared by using hydrothermal method where graphene nanoplatelet was used as active material and aqueous ammonia as the nitrogen source. The electrode was then used as the supercapacitor electrode. From Raman analysis, the ID/IG ratio of N-doped graphene has a higher value than that of pristine graphene. This indicates the N-doped graphene possessed more defects and has a higher degree of disorder within the graphene sheet. For X-ray diffraction analysis, the result exhibits a broad peak at 2θ = 26.3o, corresponding to the graphitic profile with an interlayer spacing of 3.57 Å. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis proved that there is a presence of nitrogen on the graphene surface, with 2.35 % of the atomic concentration. From the cyclic voltammetry, all curves showed an almost rectangular shape at the scan rates of 10 to 100 mVs-1. The calculated specific gravimetric capacitance is 25.2 F g-1 at 10 mV s-1. In addition, charge-discharge analysis confirmed the typical behavior of electric double layer capacitor from the linear symmetric slope