The roles of soybean lecithin in aquafeed: a crucial need and update

Soybean lecithin is extensively used as the dietary supplementation of phospholipids in animal production. Soybean lecithin plays significant roles in aquafeed as growth promoter, feed enhancer, immunity modulator and antioxidant activity stimulator for aquaculture species. Besides, soybean lecithin is also reported to help aquaculture species being resilient to physical and chemical stressors. In this review, common sources, chemical structure and mode of action of lecithin, with highlight on soybean lecithin application in aquaculture over four-decadal studies published between 1983 and 2023, were evaluated and summarized. By far, soybean lecithin is best-known for its beneficial effects, availability yet cost-effective for aquafeed formulation. Findings from this review also demonstrate that although nutritional profile of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk and marine sources are superior to those from plant sources such as soybean, it is rather costly for sustainable application in aquafeed formulation. Moreover, commercially available products that incorporate soybean lecithin with other feed additives are promising to boost aquaculture production. Overall, effects of soybean lecithin supplementation are well-recognized on larval and juvenile of aquaculture species which having limited ability to biosynthesis phospholipids de novo, and correspondingly attribute to phospholipid, a primary component of soybean lecithin, that is essential for rapid growth during early stages development. In addition, soybean lecithin supplementation plays a distinguish role in stimulating maturation of gonadal development in the adults, especially for crustaceans

Palm date meal as a non-traditional ingredient for feeding aquatic animals: A review

Protein ingredients in aquafeed are one of the most important factors responsible for the development and sustainability of aquaculture. Currently, because of high costs and fluctuating production, some animal and plant protein sources are unable to satiate the increasing demand from the fish feed manufacturers. Aquatic animals’ nutritional requirements have been accorded particular focus with less costly feedstuff in aqua feed given extra weightage. There has been increasing attention in recent years on finding methods to recycle the animal and plant by-products for feed preparation. Due to its vital amino acid content as well as high protein composition, palm date meal (PDM) which is a renewable and sustainable resource is expected to be a viable raw material option for replacing protein ingredients (e.g., fish meal and soybean meal) or as a supplement in fish feed. PDM is an agro-industry by-product which left from dates as waste in several countries. This article reviewed the current research including the source, derivatives, and the potential of PDM as a possible alternative to the conventional plant and animal protein sources. Also, the added value of using PDM waste in aquafeed to reduce the feed cost, enhance this e growth rate of fish, improve the health and well-being of fish, and subsequently sustain the aquaculture industry. Therefore, this review paper will illuminate the possibility of PDM as a promising feed source and also the present knowledge and future perspectives about the application of PDM in aquaculture

Assessment of selected microalgae (Spirulina sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp.) as feed supplement for Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) juveniles

A series of experiment were conducted to study the potential of feed formulation for freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile. Study on the potential of selected microalgae (Spirulina sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp.) as feed for M. rosenbergii juvenile was conducted with amino acid and fatty acid profile. From the results, methionine and tryptophan in amino acid were not detected in Spirulina sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp. in all four different levels. The arginine, isoleucine, leucine, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid level were high with increasing level of Spirulina sp. Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp. showed high percentage in leucine, lysine and arginine. For fatty acid analysis, only Spirulina showed a small portion of γ–linolenic acid (GLA). Chlorella showed no detection on Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) when compared to Spirulina and Nannochloropsis. For second experiment, a series of experiments were conducted to study the potential of the feed formulations for freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile based on three types of microalgae (Spirulina sp., Nanochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp.). An experiment in triplicate with prawn (2.5-2.6 g) were fed until an apparent satiation with 32% crude protein diet containing three types of algae with different level (Diet 1= 0 %, Diet 2=2.5 %, Diet 3= 5 % and Diet 4= 10%) in varying algae levels ranging from 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% respectively for 56 days. At the end of the feeding trial, prawn given Diet 4 containing 10 % of Spirulina sp. gave the optimum growth which also contributed to the best feed efficiency. There was no significant difference in FCR in all treatments (p<0.05). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in growth rate among treatments and similarly prawns fed Diet 4 in Spirulina sp. had the highest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) 5.53 g and 2.05 %/day, respectively. The percentage survival of M. rosenbergii ranged from 63-83 %. This study also demonstrated that the nutrient from Spirulina sp. is more suitable to be supplemented in prawn diet compared with Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp. The used of Cr2O3 marker is reliable for digestibility study. Spirulina sp., Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp. were analyzed for antimicrobial activity to determine the potential of the algae against the selected pathogens. Chlorella sp. had successfully inhibited Aeromonas hydrophilla followed by A. salmonicida and Vibrio alginolyticus. The maximum inhibition zone by Chlorella sp. were 14.67 mm against A. hydrophila, followed by 11.33 mm against V. alginolyticus and 10.00 mm against A. sobria. Studies on the effect of Spirulina sp, Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp. on prawn challenged with A. hydrophilla for 48 hours showed there are no significant difference among the different treatments. Prawn’s mortality was 100 % in control group. Spirulina sp. with 10% algae level showed a good potential to be as a feed supplement for M. rosenbergii juveniles. Spirulina sp. contained a variety of amino acids and fatty acids to support good growth performance, digestibility and disease resistance as compared to Nannochloropsis sp. and Chlorella sp

Effect of feeding pineapple waste on growth performance, texture quality and flesh colour of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings

The study aims to evaluate the effects of pineapples waste on the growth, texture quality and flesh colour of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Fingerlings were fed with four different levels of pineapple waste diets throughout 56 days, which contain a control group (Diet 1) and experimental diets that formulated with 10% (Diet 2), 20% (Diet 3) and 30% (Diet 4) of pineapple waste. The experimental diet was formulated with rice bran, fish meal, soybean meal, vitamin and mineral premix, vegetable oil and binder to attain 32% dietary protein. The results revealed that the formulated fish diet with pineapple waste given the optimum weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth rate than the control group, where Diet 4 has shown the highest value (p \u3c 0.05). There were no effects of the pineapple waste diet on the texture quality of the fillet, while only red chromaticity (a*) showed a significant difference (p \u3c 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of pineapple waste can improve the growth rate of Nile tilapia, and the supplementation level of the pineapple waste in the diet was 30% of the total feed formulation

Effect of different levels of Chlorella meal on growth and survival of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii juvenile

The experiment in triplicate group of prawn (30 prawn per group) with an initial weight of 2.5-2.6 g, were fed until apparent satiation with 32% crude protein diet containing various Chlorella levels ranging from 0 to 10% (Diet I, Diet II, Diet III, and Diet IV) for 56 days. At the end of the feeding trial, prawn given Diet IV gave the optimum growth and percentage survival which also contributed to the best feed efficiency. There was no significant difference in FCR in all treatments (p<0.05). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in growth rate among treatments and prawns fed Diet IV had the highest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) (3.58 g and 1.54 %/day), respectively. The percentage survival of M. rosenbergii ranged from 63-86% and similar by, prawn fed Diet IV had the highest survival with a value of 86

Fermented Soybean Meal (FSBM) in African Catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>) Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Fish Gut Microbiota Analysis, Blood Haematology, and Liver Morphology

The study revealed the potential of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) feed formulation. Five isonitrogenous diets (32% crude protein) were prepared with five different levels of FSBM as FM replacement, namely 0% FSBM (T1), 40% FSBM (T2), 50% FSBM (T3), 60% FSBM (T4), and 70% (T5). The experimental fish was given the formulated diet for eight consecutive weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the fish were subjected to growth performance, blood parameters, blood chemical, liver histology, and gut microbiota assessment. The study findings demonstrated that the experimental fish that received the T2 diet exhibited significantly higher (p p p p Akkermansia muciniphila in the experimental fish that received the T2 diet. The gut microbiota indicates that the experimental fish is in a healthy condition. In conclusion, replacing 40% FSBM with FM in aquafeed could enhance C. gariepinus growth performance and health conditions

Olive oil by-products in aquafeeds: opportunities and challenges

The increment in world population has led to the increasing demands for fish supply as principal source of animal protein that represents about 17% of animal protein consumption globally. The world aquaculture industry has expanding remarkably but limited source of fishmeal and fish oil which known as important ingredients in fish feed has led to seeking of alternative sources for their replacement in aquafeed formulation. Many potential and cheaper ingredients derived from vegetable oils or agricultural by-products have been investigated to replace fish meal and fish oil which shown promising results in fish productivity and fish health status including olive oil by- products. Varies depending on its type, olive oil composes of antioxidants, healthy type of fats such as MUFA and PUFA, and high in vitamins that provide human health benefits for heart and liver, help in many diseases and reducing the risk of cancer. In agriculture industry, olive and olive oil production processes have resulted to by- products such as olive mill wastewater (OMW), olive leaf and olive pomace. The inclusion of these by-products in animal feeds is the solution for agricultural waste management. The first report of utilization of olive oil by- products in fish feed was documented in 2004 and since then, many researches has been conducted to investigate fish health benefits that showed improvement in fish carcass composition and fish immunity depending on type of by-products used and fish species. Additionally, antioxidant contents in olive oil extract were reported could provide antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxygenic characteristics which potentially improve the fish health. This review discussed the opportunities and challenges in application of olive oil by-products in aquafeed which provides significant prospects in fish growth performance that could boost aquaculture industry development

Coconut Palm: Food, Feed, and Nutraceutical Properties

The price of traditional sources of nutrients used in animal feed rations is increasing steeply in developed countries due to their scarcity, high demand from humans for the same food items, and expensive costs of raw materials. Thus, one of the alternative sources is coconut parts or coconut as a whole fruit. Coconut is known as the &lsquo;tree of abundance&rsquo;, &lsquo;tree of heaven&rsquo;, and &lsquo;tree of life&rsquo; owing to its numerous uses, becoming a very important tree in tropical areas for its provision of food, employment, and business opportunities to millions of people. Coconut contains a rich profile of macro and micronutrients that vary depending on the parts and how they are used. It is frequently chosen as an alternative source of protein and fiber. Its uses as an antibacterial agent, immunomodulant, and antioxidant further increase its importance. Using coconut oil in ruminant feed helps to minimize methane gas emissions by 18&ndash;30%, and to reduce dry matter intake up to 4.2 kg/d. The aquaculture sectors also use coconut palm as an alternative source because it significantly improves the digestion, growth, lipid metabolism, health, and antioxidative responses. However, coconut is not widely used in poultry diets although it has adequate amount of protein and carbohydrate due to anti-nutritional factors such cellulose (13%), galactomannan (61%), and mannan (26%). This review considered the importance and potential of coconut usage as an alternative ingredient in feed and supplements in various livestock sectors as it has plentiful nutrients and functional qualities, simultaneously leading to reduced feed cost and enhanced production