Extraction and Fractionation of Polysaccharides from a Selected Mushroom Species, Ganoderma lucidum: A Critical Review

Fractionation plays a big role in most of the sample processing especially in mushroom polysaccharides extraction. This intermediate step will determine further purification process which will lead to the type of polysaccharides that will be obtained. Four types of Ganoderma lucidum cultured medium used in the research papers were randomly chosen. They are spores, mycelia, fruiting body and fermentation broth. For water soluble polysaccharides, hot water extraction is typically applied. The following ethanol precipitation could be appropriate used to sediment the component with OH-group including polysaccharide. The next step of fractionation consist of anion exchange chromatography or gel filtration enhance the purity of polysaccharides. Using these extraction and fractionation techniques, high quality polysaccharides could be successfully obtained from the mushroom that are useful for further studies. This review examined the various extraction and fractionation techniques used in the study of polysaccharides from G. lucidum

Antioxidative and photoprotective effects of pleurotus flabellatus (pink oyster mushroom) polysaccharides against UVA radiation-induced cytotoxicity in human dermal fibroblast (HS-27) cell line

Introduction: Ultraviolet (UV) A is the longest wavelength of UV radiation, accounts for approximately 95% of the radiation reaching the earth's surface. It can penetrate deeply into the skin layer and able to induce photoaging and photocarcinogenesis through the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polysaccharides-containing Pleurotus flabellatus (known as a pink oyster mushroom) has antioxidative properties and may inhibit free radical activities generated from UV radiation. Hence, this present study was to evaluate the antioxidative and photoprotective properties of exopolysaccharides (ExPFE) and exopolysaccharides (EnPFE) of Pleurotus flabellatus extracts on UVA irradiated human dermal fibroblast (HS-27) cell line. Methods: The antioxidant level of ExPFE and EnPFE was determined using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, while both cytotoxicity and photoprotective effects of the extracts on the HS-27 cell line were determined using CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay. The effects of ExPFE and EnPFE on the HS-27 cell migration was evaluated using the scratch assay. Results: Both ExPFE and EnPFE exhibited respectable antioxidant and scavenging activity in DPPH. The extracts also demonstrated a non-cytotoxicity, but photoprotective effects to the HS-27 cells by increasing the percentage of cell viability and enhancing cell migration activity upon UVA exposure. Conclusion: The ExPFE and EnPFE exhibit antioxidative and photoprotective effects on UVA irradiated HS-27 cell line. This study suggests that pink oyster polysaccharides could be a potential natural bioactive compound for skin protection against UVA radiation

Polysaccharides of Pleurotus flabellatus strain Mynuk produced by submerged fermentation as a promising novel tool against adhesion and biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens

Foodborne bacteria biofilms present a major concern for the food industry. Although their numerous biological activities are well established, there is little research to date on the use of polysaccharides of mushroom origin as a possible solution for preventing biofilm formation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the anti adhesion and antibiofilm effects of several types of Pleurotus flabellatus strain Mynuk polysaccharide extracts (PFSMpe), produced by air-lift submerged fermentation, against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical strains of foodborne bacteria, as well as the cytotoxicity of these extracts. PFSMpe exhibited antiadhesion activity toward clinical isolates, and the percentage of adhesion inhibition was highest for water (WE) and exopolysaccharide (EXOPE) extracts (> 50%) against Enterococcus faecalis. Selected ATCC strains were more resistant than clinical strains, indicating the antiquorum sensing mechanism of PFSMpe action. Antibiofilm activity was similar to antiadhesion activity and WE showed the strongest effect, again on E. faecalis. Differences in antiadhesion and antibiofilm effects of PFSMpe may be explained by differences in chemical composition, with crude extracts showing greater efficiency due to a synergistic effect. PFSMpe did not exhibit cyctotoxic activity against normal human cell lines. Overall, the findings of this study show that PFSMpe represents a promising novel strategy against bacterial biofilms