Treatment outcomes and associated factors for hospitalization of children treated for acute malnutrition under the OptiMA simplified protocol: a prospective observational cohort in rural Niger

IntroductionGlobally, access to treatment for severe and moderate acute malnutrition is very low, in part because different protocols and products are used in separate programs. New approaches, defining acute malnutrition (AM) as mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 125 mm or oedema, are being investigated to compare effectiveness to current programs. Optimizing Malnutrition treatment (OptiMA) is one such strategy that treats AM with one product – ready-to-use therapeutic food, or RUTF – at reduced dosage as the child improves.MethodsThis study aimed to determine whether OptiMA achieved effectiveness benchmarks established in the Nigerien National Nutrition protocol. A prospective cohort study of children in the rural Mirriah district evaluated outcomes among children 6-59 months with uncomplicated AM treated under OptiMA. In a parallel, unconnected program in one of the two trial sites, all non-malnourished children 6-23 months of age were provided small quantity lipid-based nutritional supplements (SQ-LNS). A multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with hospitalization.ResultsFrom July-December 2019, 1,105 children were included for analysis. Prior to treatment, 39.3% of children received SQ-LNS. Recovery, non-response, and mortality rates were 82.3%, 12.6%, and 0.7%, respectively, and the hospitalization rate was 15.1%. Children who received SQ-LNS before an episode of AM were 43% less likely to be hospitalized (ORa=0.57; 0.39-0.85, p = 0.004).DiscussionOptiMA had acceptable recovery compared to the Nigerien reference but non-response was high. Children who received SQ-LNS before treatment under OptiMA were less likely to be hospitalized, showing potential health benefits of combining simplified treatment protocols with food-based prevention in an area with a high burden of malnutrition such as rural Niger

Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial

Temprano ANRS 12136 was a factorial 2 × 2 trial that assessed the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, in patients who had not reached the CD4 cell count threshold used to recommend starting ART, as per the WHO guidelines that were the standard during the study period) and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Early ART and IPT were shown to independently reduce the risk of severe morbidity at 30 months. Here, we present the efficacy of IPT in reducing mortality from the long-term follow-up of Temprano. Methods For Temprano, participants were randomly assigned to four groups (deferred ART, deferred ART plus IPT, early ART, or early ART plus IPT). Participants who completed the trial follow-up were invited to participate in a post-trial phase. The primary post-trial phase endpoint was death, as analysed by the intention-to-treat principle. We used Cox proportional models to compare all-cause mortality between the IPT and no IPT strategies from inclusion in Temprano to the end of the follow-up period. Findings Between March 18, 2008, and Jan 5, 2015, 2056 patients (mean baseline CD4 count 477 cells per μL) were followed up for 9404 patient-years (Temprano 4757; post-trial phase 4647). The median follow-up time was 4·9 years (IQR 3·3–5·8). 86 deaths were recorded (Temprano 47 deaths; post-trial phase 39 deaths), of which 34 were in patients randomly assigned IPT (6-year probability 4·1%, 95% CI 2·9–5·7) and 52 were in those randomly assigned no IPT (6·9%, 5·1–9·2). The hazard ratio of death in patients who had IPT compared with those who did not have IPT was 0·63 (95% CI, 0·41 to 0·97) after adjusting for the ART strategy (early vs deferred), and 0·61 (0·39–0·94) after adjustment for the ART strategy, baseline CD4 cell count, and other key characteristics. There was no evidence for statistical interaction between IPT and ART (pinteraction=0·77) or between IPT and time (pinteraction=0·94) on mortality. Interpretation In Côte d'Ivoire, where the incidence of tuberculosis was last reported as 159 per 100 000 people, 6 months of IPT has a durable protective effect in reducing mortality in HIV-infected people, even in people with high CD4 cell counts and who have started ART

PLoS One

INTRODUCTION: The Temprano and START trials provided evidence to support early ART initiation recommendations. We projected long-term clinical and economic outcomes of immediate ART initiation in Cote d'Ivoire. METHODS: We used a mathematical model to compare three potential ART initiation criteria: 1) CD4 <350/muL (ART<350/muL); 2) CD4 <500/muL (ART<500/muL); and 3) ART at presentation (Immediate ART). Outcomes from the model included life expectancy, 10-year medical resource use, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in $/year of life saved (YLS), and 5-year budget impact. We simulated people with HIV (PWH) in care (mean CD4: 259/muL, SD 198/muL) and transmitted cases. Key input parameters to the analysis included first-line ART efficacy (80$90/person-year). We assessed cost-effectiveness relative to Cote d'Ivoire's 2017 per capita annual gross domestic product ($1,600). RESULTS: Immediate ART increased life expectancy by 0.34 years compared to ART<350/muL and 0.17 years compared to ART<500/muL. Immediate ART resulted in 4,500 fewer 10-year transmissions per 170,000 PWH compared to ART<350/muL. In cost-effectiveness analysis, Immediate ART had a 10-year ICER of$680/YLS compared to ART<350/muL, ranging from cost-saving to an ICER of $1,440/YLS as transmission rates varied. ART<500/muL was "dominated" (an inefficient use of resources), compared with Immediate ART. Immediate ART increased the 5-year HIV care budget from$801.9M to $812.6M compared to ART<350/muL. CONCLUSIONS: In Cote d'Ivoire, immediate compared to later ART initiation will increase life expectancy, decrease HIV transmission, and be cost-effective over the long-term, with modest budget impact. Immediate ART initiation is an appropriate, high-value standard of care in Cote d'Ivoire and similar settings

Dissection aortique anevrismale chez un adulte infecte par le VIH-1 dans le cadre d'un syndrome de reconstitution immune avec tuberculose

We here report the case of a 35-year old man with HIV-1 but with no previous medical-surgical history hospitalized in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, due to fever, cough, dyspnea, chest pain and unfolding of the aortic arch observed on chest x-ray a week after having started antiretroviral therapy (ART). CT angiography of the thoracic aorta showed overall, extended aortic ectasia with mural thrombus. Transesophageal echocardiography objectified type A ascending aortic dissection (Stanford classification). The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed based on Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture isolation. Eight years after, the patient was still alive without surgical treatment and complained of intermittent chest pain. Blood pressure was stable with moderate renal failure. We here report a rare case of aortic aneurism dissection in an adult patient with tuberculosis infected with HIV-1 during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

EBioMedicine

Background High HIV-1 DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were associated with a higher risk of severe morbidity and a faster decline in CD4 count in ART-naive patients. We report the association between HIV-1 DNA and mortality in HIV-infected adults in a trial of early ART in West Africa. Methods In the Temprano trial, HIV-infected adults were randomly assigned to start ART immediately or defer ART. After trial termination, HIV-1 DNA was measured in whole blood samples frozen at baseline. We analyzed the association between baseline PBMC HIV-1 DNA and long-term mortality

Empirical treatment against cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in HIV-infected infants with severe pneumonia: study protocol for a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the primary cause of death among HIV-infected children in Africa, with mortality rates as high as 35-40% in infants hospitalized with severe pneumonia. Bacterial pathogens and Pneumocystis jirovecii are well known causes of pneumonia-related death, but other important causes such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and tuberculosis (TB) remain under-recognized and undertreated. The immune response elicited by CMV may be associated with the risk of developing TB and TB disease progression, and CMV may accelerate disease caused both by HIV and TB. Minimally invasive autopsies confirm that CMV and TB are unrecognized causes of death in children with HIV. CMV and TB may also co-infect the same child. The aim of this study is to compare the impact on 15-day and 1-year mortality of empirical treatment against TB and CMV plus standard of care (SoC) versus SoC in HIV-infected infants with severe pneumonia. METHODS: This is a Phase II-III, open-label randomized factorial (2 × 2) clinical trial, conducted in six African countries. The trial has four arms. Infants from 28 to 365 days of age HIV-infected and hospitalized with severe pneumonia will be randomized (1:1:1:1) to (i) SoC, (ii) valganciclovir, (iii) TB-T, and (iv) TB-T plus valganciclovir. The primary endpoint of the study is all-cause mortality, focusing on the short-term (up to 15 days) and long-term (up to 1 year) mortality. Secondary endpoints include repeat hospitalization, duration of oxygen therapy during initial admission, severe and notable adverse events, adverse reactions, CMV and TB prevalence at enrolment, TB incidence, CMV viral load reduction, and evaluation of diagnostic tests such as GeneXpert Ultra on fecal and nasopharyngeal aspirate samples and urine TB-LAM. DISCUSSION: Given the challenges in diagnosing CMV and TB in children and results from previous autopsy studies that show high rates of poly-infection in HIV-infected infants with respiratory disease, this study aims to evaluate a new approach including empirical treatment of CMV and TB for this patient population. The potential downsides of empirical treatment of these conditions include toxicity and medication interactions, which will be evaluated with pharmacokinetics sub-studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03915366, Universal Trial Number U111-1231-4736, Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201994797961340

Interest of early antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

Les pays africains au sud du Sahara ont vu leur nombre de patients sous traitement antirétroviral (ARV) croître de façon rapide depuis 2005. Si l’impact individuel et collectif de cette montée en puissance des traitements est positif dans l’ensemble, les défis demeurent nombreux en termes de dépistage, d’observance, d’adhésion aux soins, de résistance aux ARV, de dépendance vis-à-vis des bailleurs de fonds, et de disponibilité des personnels. Dans ce contexte, la question du moment idéal pour proposer le début du traitement ARV doit être abordée de façon médicale individuelle (quel est le rapport bénéfices/risques individuel à débuter à des seuils différents ?), mais également de façon collective en terme de bénéfices et risques pour la communauté, d’organisation des soins, d’analyse médico-économique, de prioritisation et d’équité. Cette thèse, qui est une thèse de recherche clinique, aborde le premier volet de la question, celui des bénéfices et des risques pour l’individu à débuter un traitement plus tôt. Sur ce sujet, le raisonnement a beaucoup évolué au cours des 15 dernières années. Après l’arrivée des multithérapies ARV à la fin des années 1990, la crainte de la toxicité des médicaments a d’abord incité à une approche prudente, et à recommander le seuil de début à 200 CD4/mm3 chez les personnes asymptomatiques. Cette crainte de la toxicité a conduit au début des années 2000 à essayer de pratiquer des « interruptions programmées » d’ARV, pour tenter d’obtenir le maintien au dessus d’un seuil de 200 CD4/mm3, tout en limitant l’exposition aux médicaments. Nous avons participé à un de ces essais d’interruptions programmées en Côte d’Ivoire, au cours duquel nous avons contribué à affiner les connaissances sur la toxicité des ARV (Moh, Antivir Ther 2005). Les essais d’interruptions programmées ont conduit à constater que : (i) les personnes qui interrompaient entre 350 et 250 CD4/mm3 avaient plus de risque de morbidité sévère que celles qui n’interrompaient pas, (ii) les personnes qui débutaient leur premier traitement avant 350 CD4/mm3 avaient moins de risque de morbidité que celles qui débutaient plus tard (Moh, AIDS 2007), et (iii) dans l’essai d’interruption Trivacan réalisé en Côte d’Ivoire, cette morbidité sévère intermédiaire était plus fréquente que dans l’essai SMART réalisé sur d’autres continents, et avait un spectre différent, dominé par la tuberculose et les maladies bactériennes sévères. Les conclusions de ces essais ont donc été que le traitement ARV devait être débuté beaucoup plus tôt que ce qui était auparavant recommandé, et que ceci était probablement encore plus vrai en Afrique sub-Saharienne que dans le reste du monde. En 2008, nous avons lancé en Côte d’Ivoire l’essai Temprano ANRS 12136, dont l’objectif est d’évaluer les bénéfices et risques d’un traitement ARV précoce avec ou sans 6 mois de prophylaxie par isoniazide (INH) chez des adultes infectés par le VIH-1 ayant entre 250 et 800 CD4/mm3. De Mars 2008 à Juillet 2012, 2076 adultes ont été inclus dans l’essai Temprano, dont le suivi se terminera en décembre 2014. L’état du suivi est bon, et les incidences de morbidité et mortalité actuellement constatées sont conformes aux hypothèses du protocole. La pratique de la prophylaxie par INH s’avère bien tolérée, et la procédure choisie par notre équipe (radiographie de thorax systématique et période tampon d’observation de un mois avant le début de l’INH) apporte une grande sécurité de prescription (Moh, Plos One, manuscrit en révision). Notre équipe a traversé une crise politico-militaire au 1er semestre 2011, qui n’a pas eu de retentissement sur la qualité de l’essai en cours. Cette crise a par contre eu des effets délétères pour les patients sous traitement ARV, puisque les échecs virologiques retardés sont significativement associés au fait d’avoir été sous traitement pendant cette période (Moh, manuscrit soumis). .The African countries situated in the South of the Sahara have seen their number of patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) grow rapidly since 2005. If the individual and collective impact of this rise of the treatments is positive overall, challenges remain in terms of screening, compliance, accession to care, resistance to ARTs, dependence on donors, and availability of the staff. In this context, the question of the ideal time to propose initiation of ART must be addressed in the individually medical way (what is the individual benefit-harm ratio to start at different thresholds?) but also collectively in terms of benefits and risks for the community, organization of care, medico-economic analysis, prioritization and equity. This thesis, which is a clinical research thesis, addresses the first part of the question, the benefits and risks for the individual to start treatment earlier. On this subject, the rationale has changed considerably over the past 15 years. After the arrival of ART multitherapy at the end of the 1990s, the fear of drug toxicity first prompted a cautious approach, and to recommend the threshold from beginning to 200 CD4/mm3 in the asymptomatic people. This fear of toxicity led in the early 2000s to try to practice "scheduled interruptions" of ARTs, to try to get the maintenance above a threshold of 200 CD4/mm3, in limiting exposure to the drug. We have participated in one of these trials of interruptions programmed in Côte d'Ivoire, in which we have helped to refine the knowledge on the toxicity of ARTs (Moh, Antivir Ther 2005). Testing scheduled interruptions led to see that: (i) persons who interrupted between 350 and 250 CD4/mm3 had greater risk of severe diseases than those who didn’t interrupt, (ii) persons who started their first treatment prior to 350 CD4/mm3 had less risk of morbidity than those who started later (Moh, 2007 AIDS), and (iii) in trial interruption Trivacan launched in Côte d'Ivoire, this intermediate severe morbidity was more frequent than in the SMART trial carried out on other continents, and had a different spectrum dominated by tuberculosis and severe bacterial diseases. The findings of these trials were that the ART should be started much earlier than was previously recommended, and that this was probably even truer in sub-Saharan Africa than in the rest of the world. In 2008, we launched in Ivory Coast the clinical trial, Temprano ANRS 12136, whose objective is to assess the benefits and risks of early ART with or without 6 months of prophylactic isoniazid (INH) in HIV-1 infected adults with CD4 250 and 800/mm3. From March 2008 to July 2012, 2076 adults were included in the trial Temprano, which follow-up will be completed by December 2014. The state of the follow-up is good, and the impact of morbidity and mortality currently observed are consistent with the assumptions of the Protocol. The practice of INH prophylaxis is well tolerated, and the procedure chosen by our team (systematic chest x-ray and period buffer observation of one month before the beginning of the INH) brings a prescription safety (Moh, Plos One manuscript in review). Our team went through a crisis politico-military 1St half 2011, which had no impact on the quality of the ongoing trial. This crisis has however had deleterious effects for patients under ART, since delayed virological failure are significantly related to the fact of having been under treatment during this period (Moh, submitted manuscript)

Interest of early antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

Les pays africains au sud du Sahara ont vu leur nombre de patients sous traitement antirétroviral (ARV) croître de façon rapide depuis 2005. Si l’impact individuel et collectif de cette montée en puissance des traitements est positif dans l’ensemble, les défis demeurent nombreux en termes de dépistage, d’observance, d’adhésion aux soins, de résistance aux ARV, de dépendance vis-à-vis des bailleurs de fonds, et de disponibilité des personnels. Dans ce contexte, la question du moment idéal pour proposer le début du traitement ARV doit être abordée de façon médicale individuelle (quel est le rapport bénéfices/risques individuel à débuter à des seuils différents ?), mais également de façon collective en terme de bénéfices et risques pour la communauté, d’organisation des soins, d’analyse médico-économique, de prioritisation et d’équité. Cette thèse, qui est une thèse de recherche clinique, aborde le premier volet de la question, celui des bénéfices et des risques pour l’individu à débuter un traitement plus tôt. Sur ce sujet, le raisonnement a beaucoup évolué au cours des 15 dernières années. Après l’arrivée des multithérapies ARV à la fin des années 1990, la crainte de la toxicité des médicaments a d’abord incité à une approche prudente, et à recommander le seuil de début à 200 CD4/mm3 chez les personnes asymptomatiques. Cette crainte de la toxicité a conduit au début des années 2000 à essayer de pratiquer des « interruptions programmées » d’ARV, pour tenter d’obtenir le maintien au dessus d’un seuil de 200 CD4/mm3, tout en limitant l’exposition aux médicaments. Nous avons participé à un de ces essais d’interruptions programmées en Côte d’Ivoire, au cours duquel nous avons contribué à affiner les connaissances sur la toxicité des ARV (Moh, Antivir Ther 2005). Les essais d’interruptions programmées ont conduit à constater que : (i) les personnes qui interrompaient entre 350 et 250 CD4/mm3 avaient plus de risque de morbidité sévère que celles qui n’interrompaient pas, (ii) les personnes qui débutaient leur premier traitement avant 350 CD4/mm3 avaient moins de risque de morbidité que celles qui débutaient plus tard (Moh, AIDS 2007), et (iii) dans l’essai d’interruption Trivacan réalisé en Côte d’Ivoire, cette morbidité sévère intermédiaire était plus fréquente que dans l’essai SMART réalisé sur d’autres continents, et avait un spectre différent, dominé par la tuberculose et les maladies bactériennes sévères. Les conclusions de ces essais ont donc été que le traitement ARV devait être débuté beaucoup plus tôt que ce qui était auparavant recommandé, et que ceci était probablement encore plus vrai en Afrique sub-Saharienne que dans le reste du monde. En 2008, nous avons lancé en Côte d’Ivoire l’essai Temprano ANRS 12136, dont l’objectif est d’évaluer les bénéfices et risques d’un traitement ARV précoce avec ou sans 6 mois de prophylaxie par isoniazide (INH) chez des adultes infectés par le VIH-1 ayant entre 250 et 800 CD4/mm3. De Mars 2008 à Juillet 2012, 2076 adultes ont été inclus dans l’essai Temprano, dont le suivi se terminera en décembre 2014. L’état du suivi est bon, et les incidences de morbidité et mortalité actuellement constatées sont conformes aux hypothèses du protocole. La pratique de la prophylaxie par INH s’avère bien tolérée, et la procédure choisie par notre équipe (radiographie de thorax systématique et période tampon d’observation de un mois avant le début de l’INH) apporte une grande sécurité de prescription (Moh, Plos One, manuscrit en révision). Notre équipe a traversé une crise politico-militaire au 1er semestre 2011, qui n’a pas eu de retentissement sur la qualité de l’essai en cours. Cette crise a par contre eu des effets délétères pour les patients sous traitement ARV, puisque les échecs virologiques retardés sont significativement associés au fait d’avoir été sous traitement pendant cette période (Moh, manuscrit soumis). .The African countries situated in the South of the Sahara have seen their number of patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) grow rapidly since 2005. If the individual and collective impact of this rise of the treatments is positive overall, challenges remain in terms of screening, compliance, accession to care, resistance to ARTs, dependence on donors, and availability of the staff. In this context, the question of the ideal time to propose initiation of ART must be addressed in the individually medical way (what is the individual benefit-harm ratio to start at different thresholds?) but also collectively in terms of benefits and risks for the community, organization of care, medico-economic analysis, prioritization and equity. This thesis, which is a clinical research thesis, addresses the first part of the question, the benefits and risks for the individual to start treatment earlier. On this subject, the rationale has changed considerably over the past 15 years. After the arrival of ART multitherapy at the end of the 1990s, the fear of drug toxicity first prompted a cautious approach, and to recommend the threshold from beginning to 200 CD4/mm3 in the asymptomatic people. This fear of toxicity led in the early 2000s to try to practice "scheduled interruptions" of ARTs, to try to get the maintenance above a threshold of 200 CD4/mm3, in limiting exposure to the drug. We have participated in one of these trials of interruptions programmed in Côte d'Ivoire, in which we have helped to refine the knowledge on the toxicity of ARTs (Moh, Antivir Ther 2005). Testing scheduled interruptions led to see that: (i) persons who interrupted between 350 and 250 CD4/mm3 had greater risk of severe diseases than those who didn’t interrupt, (ii) persons who started their first treatment prior to 350 CD4/mm3 had less risk of morbidity than those who started later (Moh, 2007 AIDS), and (iii) in trial interruption Trivacan launched in Côte d'Ivoire, this intermediate severe morbidity was more frequent than in the SMART trial carried out on other continents, and had a different spectrum dominated by tuberculosis and severe bacterial diseases. The findings of these trials were that the ART should be started much earlier than was previously recommended, and that this was probably even truer in sub-Saharan Africa than in the rest of the world. In 2008, we launched in Ivory Coast the clinical trial, Temprano ANRS 12136, whose objective is to assess the benefits and risks of early ART with or without 6 months of prophylactic isoniazid (INH) in HIV-1 infected adults with CD4 250 and 800/mm3. From March 2008 to July 2012, 2076 adults were included in the trial Temprano, which follow-up will be completed by December 2014. The state of the follow-up is good, and the impact of morbidity and mortality currently observed are consistent with the assumptions of the Protocol. The practice of INH prophylaxis is well tolerated, and the procedure chosen by our team (systematic chest x-ray and period buffer observation of one month before the beginning of the INH) brings a prescription safety (Moh, Plos One manuscript in review). Our team went through a crisis politico-military 1St half 2011, which had no impact on the quality of the ongoing trial. This crisis has however had deleterious effects for patients under ART, since delayed virological failure are significantly related to the fact of having been under treatment during this period (Moh, submitted manuscript)

Community Health Workers. Reinforcement of an Outreach Strategy in Rural Areas Aimed at Improving the Integration of HIV, Tuberculosis and Malaria Prevention, Screening and Care Into the Health Systems. "Proxy-Sante" Study

International audienceBACKGROUND: In Côte d'Ivoire, the health system remains poorly accessible and inefficient, particularly in rural areas. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV remain a major concern. Tasks shifting to Community Health Workers (CHWs) in rural areas has been proposed in terms of responses and has shown encouraging results with some limitations. Objective is therefore to develop and implement, in a health district, at the level of a neighborhood, a sub-prefecture, two villages and two camps, innovative strategies aimed at improving the integration of HIV, malaria and tuberculosis prevention and care into the health system at the community level through CHWs.METHODS: Introduce innovations to be integrated into the national system: (i) Selection and strengthening of the capacities of CHWs to provide care for the three diseases through home visits [Information Education and Counseling/Communication for Behavior Change (IEC/CBC)], simple malaria screening and management, referral of suspected tuberculosis cases and Directly Observed Treatment, short-course (DOTS), screening, prophylaxis and distribution of antiretrovirals (ARVs) to HIV-infected patients; (ii) monthly animation of village health committees by target groups (women of childbearing age, children under 5 years old, young adolescents); (iii) use of an application and tablets for data collection.DISCUSSION: This innovative project integrates new activities such as ARV distribution by CHWs, management of pre-exposure prophylaxis in rural areas and electronic data capture by communities. Several lessons can be learned on the relevance of the role and activities to be carried out by these CHWs in the fight against these three diseases