Agriculture and water resources: UNFCCC influence on Peruvian adaptation regulations to increase resilience against climate change

Agriculture and water resource are highly threatened due to climate change, increasing the probability of backsliding on almost every aspect of sustainable development worldwide. For instance, water resource distribution throughout the Peruvian territory is not homogeneous. Hydrometeorological phenomena also threaten it, so it is crucial for the agriculture sector and water management to increase resilience against climate change. The study aims to understand the Peruvian conduct under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regime. Its influence in the Peruvian adaptation regulation and public institutions over the years and the interaction with the latest commitment to the UNFCCC related to climate change agriculture - water resources. The methodology used for the study was qualitative, delivered throughout a documentary analysis, and narrative design among scientific papers, UNFCCC documentation, and Peruvian regulation to weave the experience occurred and the sequences of the events to set up a general narrative. The results show that Peru has active participation in the UNFCCC, particularly under a neoliberalism approach. The convention pushed institutional and regulatory development of the Peruvian Government constantly. Also, after the Paris Agreement, one of the most important influences was the implementation of Law N° 30754 on climate change, which articulates all the regulations related to it, providing a national, more substantial legally-binding commitment. Finally, it is important for Peru to analyze the achievement of current adaptation actions and keep studying the impacts of climate change at a local level to develop a bottom-up approach for an effective policy formulation-implementation

Bioadsorption by coffee leaves in poluted river Mantaro water at Central Peru

The biosorption of heavy metals is the property of some types of biomass, a process that captures or accumulates metal ions, allowing their removal or immobilization. The present study was carried out in the Mantaro river, following the recommendations of the ANA (National Water Authority), the experimental process was carried out in the laboratories of the Universidad Continental and the Volcan Mining Company, for this purpose the drying of the coffee leaves of the species (Caturra-arabic coffea) and its subsequent grinding, then it was added in 4 different proportions for samples of 250 ml of water. The first results showed that the water contains lead (0.1 mg / l), copper (4.12 mg / l), iron (0.01 mg / l) and zinc (0.42 mg / l) with a pH (7.53) and electrical conductivity (671μS).which are not recommended according to the Environmental Quality Standards, after adding the coffee leaf allowing it to act in a period of 48 hours, the best result was with the second sample adsorbing lead (0%), copper (95.15%), iron (0%) and zinc (52.38%) with a pH of 7.05 and electrical conductivity (664μS). Coffee leaves were more effective in reducing copper by up to 95.15%

Design and performance study of the heat exchanger of a fin-based thermoelectric generator via numerical simulations

Climate change is a latent concern nowadays, so the ONU proposed to adopt new alternatives for obtaining energy through clean and renewable energies; that is why the TEG (Thermoelectric Generator) have been used in different industries and vehicles as they are a system that recovers and uses the waste heat from automobile exhaust gases for waste heat recovery; therefore, it is a method that allows improving energy efficiency. The present study aims to design and study the performance of the heat exchanger of a fin-based thermoelectric generator via numerical simulations. In this way, the geometry was performed using SolidWorks software. In addition, the meshing and boundary conditions were established in ANSYS Fluent to obtain the initial temperature distributions. Additionally, these initial temperature distributions serve as boundary conditions for ANSYS Thermal-Electric to obtain the semiconductor's final temperature distributions, voltage distributions, and electric current distributions. It was obtained as a result that the semiconductor's temperature distributions reached a voltage of 80 mV in 1 second of heat transfer. Also, the droplets fin-base TEG had an average temperature of 36.85 °C on the cold side and 163.3 °C on the hot side. Finally, it was concluded that the semiconductor’s final temperature distributions of the hot and cold side for the droplets fin-base TEG presented higher uniformity than the parallel plate fin-base TEG

Sustainable Blocks Reinforced with Agave americana L. Fiber and Its Mechanical Properties

The study of sustainable construction materials is getting attention, since the materials must be ecological, recyclable and renewable to generate a positive impact on the environment as a substitute for the construction materials currently used in rural areas of Huancayo. The objective of this research is to determine a sustainable material with resistant mechanical properties, such as reinforced blocks with Agave americana L fiber. The block components were sand, clay and silt, in order to evaluate its behavior, 5 dosages of fiber were proposed: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, these were expressed with respect to the total weight of the sample, on the other hand, the fiber used was cut to obtain a length of 25mm. Strengths were evaluated using the simple compression method, the Brazilian diametral compression tensile method and the modulus of rupture method. The result for the most optimum compressive strength was given when using the dosage of 0.25% of agave fiber increasing by 13.39% (2.54MPa), while, the tensile strength increased by 39.13% (0.32MPa) using 1% of agave fiber, finally an increase of 14.29% (1.44MPa) was obtained in the flexural strength with 0.5% of Agave americana L. fiber. It concludes that the use of Agave americana L. fiber improved the mechanical strength of blocks, setting an optimum addition of 0.25% of fiber

Modelado númerico de maremoto de Pisco 2007

Se realizó el estudio de la dinámica del maremoto de Pisco (costa central del Perú) ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en sus 3 fases: generación, propagación e inundación, haciendo uso del modelado numérico. Para la generación, se usó un modelo de fuente sísmica heterogéneo propuesto por Jiménez et al., (2012) que fue validado en esta investigación con el registro de la Boya DART N° 32401, obteniendo un coeficiente de correlación de 0,83 en la ventana de tiempo comprendida entre los 40 min hasta los 80 min, luego de ocurrido el sismo. Para la propagación e inundación, se utilizó como herramienta computacional el modelo numérico TUNAMI-N2 en su forma lineal y no lineal, donde se resuelven las ecuaciones de continuidad y movimiento en forma discretizada. La fase de inundación presentó un carácter no-lineal caracterizado por la máxima altura de inundación del maremoto en costa. Los resultados de la simulación se validaron con las observaciones y mediciones de campo de la DHN (2007) y Fritz et al., (2008), obteniendo un coeficiente de correlación de 0,9. La máxima distancia de inundación obtenida por simulación fue de 1 963 m en Caleta Lagunillas (sur de la Península de Paracas), muy próximo al valor registrado en campo de 2 000 m. Además, se obtuvieron mareogramas sintéticos y tiempos de arribo de olas para los principales lugares afectados por el maremoto. Finalmente, se concluyó que la simulación numérica para el maremoto de Pisco 2007 fue satisfactoria, del cual se obtuvo un alto nivel de correlación entre los resultados de la simulación y la información obtenida en campo.*** This work evaluates the dynamics of the Pisco (Central Peru) tsunami, which took place on August 15th, 2007 in three phases: generation, propagation and inundation based on numerical modeling. The generation phase was studied using a heterogeneous seismic source model proposed by Jiménez et al., (2012) that has been validated in this thesis using the mareogram recorded by DART buoy No 32401. The correlation coefficient between theoretical and observed mareograms was 0.83 within the time window 40-80 minutes after the earthquake. Propagation and inundation phases have linear and nonlinear character respectively and are studied using the TUNAMI-N2 numerical model as a computational tool. The continuity and momentum equations are solved in discretized form. The results obtained have been validated with the DHN (2007) and Fritz et al., (2008) field survey with 0.9 correlation coefficient. The maximum inundation was 1 963 m obtained by the simulation for Caleta Lagunillas (south of the Paracas Peninsula). This result is very close to the finding of the field survey (2000 m). Synthetic tide gauge mareogram and arrival times were also obtained by the numerical model in regions where major cities were affected by the tsunami. The numerical simulation of the 2007 Pisco tsunami was successful, with a high correlation between numerical results and field survey information.Tesi

Modelado númerico de maremoto de Pisco 2007

*** This work evaluates the dynamics of the Pisco (Central Peru) tsunami, which took place on August 15th, 2007 in three phases: generation, propagation and inundation based on numerical modeling. The generation phase was studied using a heterogeneous seismic source model proposed by Jiménez et al., (2012) that has been validated in this thesis using the mareogram recorded by DART buoy No 32401. The correlation coefficient between theoretical and observed mareograms was 0.83 within the time window 40-80 minutes after the earthquake. Propagation and inundation phases have linear and nonlinear character respectively and are studied using the TUNAMI-N2 numerical model as a computational tool. The continuity and momentum equations are solved in discretized form. The results obtained have been validated with the DHN (2007) and Fritz et al., (2008) field survey with 0.9 correlation coefficient. The maximum inundation was 1 963 m obtained by the simulation for Caleta Lagunillas (south of the Paracas Peninsula). This result is very close to the finding of the field survey (2000 m). Synthetic tide gauge mareogram and arrival times were also obtained by the numerical model in regions where major cities were affected by the tsunami. The numerical simulation of the 2007 Pisco tsunami was successful, with a high correlation between numerical results and field survey information.TesisSe realizó el estudio de la dinámica del maremoto de Pisco (costa central del Perú) ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en sus 3 fases: generación, propagación e inundación, haciendo uso del modelado numérico. Para la generación, se usó un modelo de fuente sísmica heterogéneo propuesto por Jiménez et al., (2012) que fue validado en esta investigación con el registro de la Boya DART N° 32401, obteniendo un coeficiente de correlación de 0,83 en la ventana de tiempo comprendida entre los 40 min hasta los 80 min, luego de ocurrido el sismo. Para la propagación e inundación, se utilizó como herramienta computacional el modelo numérico TUNAMI-N2 en su forma lineal y no lineal, donde se resuelven las ecuaciones de continuidad y movimiento en forma discretizada. La fase de inundación presentó un carácter no-lineal caracterizado por la máxima altura de inundación del maremoto en costa. Los resultados de la simulación se validaron con las observaciones y mediciones de campo de la DHN (2007) y Fritz et al., (2008), obteniendo un coeficiente de correlación de 0,9. La máxima distancia de inundación obtenida por simulación fue de 1 963 m en Caleta Lagunillas (sur de la Península de Paracas), muy próximo al valor registrado en campo de 2 000 m. Además, se obtuvieron mareogramas sintéticos y tiempos de arribo de olas para los principales lugares afectados por el maremoto. Finalmente, se concluyó que la simulación numérica para el maremoto de Pisco 2007 fue satisfactoria, del cual se obtuvo un alto nivel de correlación entre los resultados de la simulación y la información obtenida en campo

Design of a Hydro Bicycle for the Junin, Huancayo Region

The objective of this study was the design of a hydraulic bicycle and the assembly of a floating structure, steering and propulsion to be able to navigate. To this end, a variety of studies have been conducted. A study on the selection of the most suitable materials for the marine environment was also conducted, where a detailed analysis of each component of the power transmission was carried out, where the Shigley-McGrawhill mechanical engineering design book of machine elements was also used. The study of the structural part was carried out to ensure the integrity of the user, also a study of the transmission of pedaling power to the propeller and the pontoons to be able to withstand a maximum load of 120 kg and stability to ensure buoyancy