RUSSIA’S PLACE ON THE WORLD COAL MARKET

The current situation in the global coal market, based on data for the last few years and the place of Russia in this market is described. The main provisions of the state policy of the Russian Federation, the volume and direction of foreign trade in coal, the prospects and forecasts of the world coal market are considered. The relevance of the topic is determined by the severity of the problems of world energy supply and changes in the position of the Russian Federation in international coal trade as a result of the active formation of new world coal centers

THE QUALITY OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT IN FISH PONDS

In our country, the most widespread growth system is the semi-intensive one with growth units represented by ponds (anthropogenic ecosystems). The semi-intensive fish culture is based on the natural productivity and / or enriched by fertilization of the anthropogenic ecosystems, respectively also on the administration of supplementary food. In fact, semi-intensive cultivation involves obtaining a fish biomass with low production costs due to the use of inexpensive inputs. The productionprofile and the way of obtaining it determine the structure and duration oftheexploitation cycle within a fish farm

An Investigation of New Medications Initiation during Ambulatory Care Visits in Patients with Dementia

Background There is currently insufficient data describing how new medications are provided to older adult ambulatory patients with dementia in the United States (US). Objectives To describe characteristics of ambulatory care visits for adults ≥ 65 years old and investigate differences in prescribing of new medications between patients with and without dementia. Methods We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study using the 2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) in the US. Non-perioperative ambulatory care visits of patients ≥ 65 years old with sampling weights were used to provide national estimates of visits. Baseline characteristics were compared between visits for patients with and without dementia using Pearson\u27s chi square or Student\u27s t-tests. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds of receiving a new medication. Results 218,182,131 non-perioperative ambulatory care visits of patients ≥ 65 years old were included, 2.1% of which were for patients with dementia; these patients were older on average and had more comorbidities and higher ambulatory care utilization than those without dementia. New medications were provided at 26.3% of visits for patients with dementia. After adjusting for confounders, there was no statistically significant difference in odds of a new medication being provided between visits for patients with and without dementia (odds ratio [OR], 0.555; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.183–1.678). Differences were seen in the provision of cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, and central nervous system agents at visits for patients with dementia (p = 0.0011, \u3c 0.0001, and 0.0011 respectively). Conclusion While fewer visits for patients with dementia provided new medications compared to patients without dementia, after adjusting for confounders no significant difference were identified. Significant differences were seen in the classes of new medications provided. Further investigation is needed to evaluate new medication usage and the utility of pharmacists in the care of patients with dementia at an outpatient setting

Evaluasi Dan Perencanaan Sistem Feeder Jalan Prof. Soedarto, Sh Tembalang, Semarang

Development of the Tembalang region, both on Banyumanik or Tembalang Sub-district, is grow rapidly. Therefor, evaluation is needed to determine performance of Prof. Soedato, SH, Street by calculating degree of saturation that based on traffic survey. Then, evaluation of existing condition of public transportation at present, in term of route performance, facilities and infrastructure. Then conducted a questionnaire and interview survey in people who lived around of Prof. Soedarto, SH. street by random sampling to know how about people behaviour on trip and opinion. Variable used are facilities and infrastructure condition, level of ease, operational system, trip pattern, desired criteria for public transportation. From that result, designed suitable feeder system for Prof. Soedarto, SH. Street. Evaluation result show that segment Setiabudi intersection – Undip Gas Station intersection has degree saturation value ≥ 0,75, so that its necessary treatment. Feeder system which designed is pedestrian track that would be connected with feeder transport or bus rapid transit, The main dan branch of new routes of transportation, which pass through Prof. Soedarto, SH. Street, it's accordance with Perda no. 14 tahun 2011 tentang RTRW Kota Semarang

Penggantian Jembatan Kaligung Tuwel Dengan Menggunakan Konstruksi Rangka Baja

Kaligung Bridge is located in Tuwel village of Slawi in Tegal regency. The Bridge connects Bumijawa and Tuwel area and stretches along 70 meters above Kaligung river. In this project, Kaligung Tuwel bridge was designed as a steel truss system. The design steps are as follows : analysis of the existing conditions, design the upper structure and the substructure of the bridge, and calculate budget plan (RAB). The Design of the upper structure considers loads such as : self weight, dead load, traffic load, wind load, and seismic load. The design was carried out using LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) method. Next, the substructure was designed by calculating the dimension of the foundation and abutment. The foundation was designed as a caisson while the abutment wasof cantilever type

Perencanaan Penggantian Jembatan Juwet Kabupaten Pemalang

Juwet Bridge is located approximately one kilometer to the south of Comal Bridge Pemalang District is one of the alternative bridges used when the Comal Bridge collapsed. In this final Juwet Bridge which has a width of only 3 meters is designed with a larger capacity and functioned as an alternative pathway Comal Bridge. Planning on aspects of traffic using a design life of 20 years with the growth of the vehicle based on a linear regression of 642 veh / year and using two scenarios, there are normal conditions (2 Comal Bridge function) and incidental conditions (only 1 Comal Bridge functioning). Initial planning, the alternative pathway using a type 2/2 UD. In normal conditions, the distribution of traffic flow 70% for Comal Bridge and 30% for Juwet Bridge produce a degree of saturation (DS) under 0.75 over the life of the plan. In the incidental conditions, the distribution of traffic flow 60% for Comal Bridge and 40% for Juwet Bridge, DS value is 0.81. Assuming then use 2/2 type UD with 8 meters wide still used. New Juwet Bridge continue to use steel as the structure and the upper structure of reinforced concrete for the structure underneath. Planned implementation within 8 months at a cost of Rp. 36.4 billion. In this final project scope of the planned bridge elements include work for the overall structure of the bridge and approach bridge. Given this new Juwet Bridge when congestion occurs on the Pantura line around Comal Bridge, the bridge is able to be an alternative pathway in servicing and reducing the burden of most of the traffic flow on the Pantura line

Comparing carriers as a support media of white-rot fungi in natural tannins removal

In the last decades, White-rot Fungi bioremediation potential has been widely investigated, providing remarkable results toward several recalcitrant molecules. However, full-scale applications based on fungi are not employed yet and little is known about their optimal operating conditions, such as (i) their ability to grow without sterile conditions, (ii) co-substrate requirements and (iii) the accurate carrier design for fungal growth. In this study, several batch tests were performed as preliminary steps to evaluate the possible design of a pilot-scale reactor based on fungal biomass to be operated under not-sterile conditions in the removal of Quebracho natural tannin. The tests were performed to verify fungal affinity, including Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes for innovative cellulose-containing carriers compared to commonly employed PolyUrethane Foam Cubes. In particular, four fungi, including three Basidiomycetes White-rot Fungi, Bjerkandera adusta, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Tyromyces chioneus and the Ascomycota strain Aspergillus tubingensis, were employed. As a first step, fungi were tested to evaluate their ability to attach and grow onto 12 types of innovative carriers made by High-Density PolyEthylene and containing cellulose in different percentages. Other tests were performed without sterile conditions. In particular, fungal abilities (i) to attach and grow onto two different types of support, including cellulose-containing carrier and polyurethane foam cubes and (ii) to biotransform recalcitrant molecules (Quebracho natural tannin) (iii) to grow and operate synergistically in a consortium of two fungi, were evaluated. The main parameters evaluated were soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (sCOD) reduction and dry weight increase. Basidiomycetes showed high affinity for cellulose-containing carrierswith the highest cellulose percentage (7%) achieving full colonization and 60% coverage, in sterile conditions and not- sterile conditions, respectively. These results were associated with a Quebracho sCOD removal of 25 ± 4%, without sterility. When combined, the two selected strains, Bjerkandera adusta and Aspergillus tubingensis were able to grow on carriers and to remove up to 15 ± 4% of tannins recalcitrant sCOD. This study provides evidence of (i) Basidiomycetes high affinity for cellulose-containing carriers that could favour fungi attachment in sterile and not-sterile conditions and (ii) the feasibility of a combined use of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes in bioremediation

INtervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer\u27s Symptomatic Expression (INCREASE), a Randomized Controlled Trial: Rationale, Study Design, and Protocol

BACKGROUND: The course of Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) includes a 10-20-year preclinical period with progressive accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the absence of symptomatic cognitive or functional decline. The duration of this preclinical stage in part depends on the rate of pathologic progression, which is offset by compensatory mechanisms, referred to as cognitive reserve (CR). Comorbid medical conditions, psychosocial stressors, and inappropriate medication use may lower CR, hastening the onset of symptomatic AD. Here, we describe a randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to test the efficacy of a medication therapy management (MTM) intervention to reduce inappropriate medication use, bolster cognitive reserve, and ultimately delay symptomatic AD. METHODS/DESIGN: Our study aims to enroll 90 non-demented community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 years of age. Participants will undergo positron emission tomography (PET) scans, measuring Aβ levels using standardized uptake value ratios (SUVr). Participants will be randomly assigned to MTM intervention or control, stratified by Aβ levels, and followed for 12 months via in-person and telephone visits. Outcomes of interest include: (1) medication appropriateness (measured with the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI)); (2) scores from Trail Making Test B (TMTB), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT); (3) perceived health status (measured with the SF-36). We will also evaluate pre- to post-intervention change in: (1) use of inappropriate medications as measured by MAI; 2) CR Change Score (CRCS), defined as the difference in scopolamine-challenged vs unchallenged cognitive scores at baseline and follow-up. Baseline Aβ SUVr will be used to examine the relative impact of preclinical AD (pAD) pathology on CRCS, as well as the interplay of amyloid burden with inappropriate medication use. DISCUSSION: This manuscript describes the protocol of INCREASE ( INtervention for Cognitive Reserve Enhancement in delaying the onset of Alzheimer\u27s Symptomatic Expression ): a randomized controlled trial that investigates the impact of deprescribing inappropriate medications and optimizing medication regimens on potentially delaying the onset of symptomatic AD and AD-related dementias. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02849639. Registered on 29 July 2016

Caracterización del mecanismo de activación de la vía Hedgehog en el rabdomiosarcoma : el papel oncogénico de los ligandos /

El rabdomiosarcoma (RMS) es el sarcoma de partes blandas más común en la infancia y se considera que se origina en células embrionarias destinadas a la formación de músculo esquelético. Histológicamente, el RMS se divide en 2 grupos principales: embrionario (RMSe) y alveolar (RMSa), los cuales difieren tanto en su presentación clínica, respuesta a terapia y pronóstico, siendo el subtipo alveolar el que presenta un pronóstico más desfavorable. La vía de señalización Hedgehog (HH) tiene un papel clave en el desarrollo y la progresión de muchos tipos de cáncer, incluyendo el RMS. Aunque esté ampliamente aceptada la activación de esta vía de señalización así como su papel oncogénico en el RMS, se desconoce el mecanismo molecular que impulsa su activación. En esta tesis se describe por primera vez en el RMS la contribución de los ligandos HH (Sonic, Indian y Desert) en la activación de la vía HH así como su implicación en la oncogénesis, apuntando a la existencia de una activación autocrina de esta vía de señalización. En este trabajo también se muestra el efecto de la inhibición farmacológica de la vía HH con inhibidores de Smoothened (Sonidegib y Vismodegib) y de los ligandos HH (MEDI-5304). De manera interesante, se describe por primera vez el efecto deletéreo de Vismodegib, provocando la inducción indeseada de la invasividad celular mediante la activación off-target de la vía Unfolded protein response (UPR). En conjunto, estos resultados establecen el mecanismo de activación de la vía HH y esclarecen el papel oncogénico de esta vía de señalización y, en particular, el de los ligandos HH. Asimismo, un número creciente de publicaciones describen el papel clave de la vía HH en el mantenimiento de las células madre tumorales en un amplia variedad de neoplasias, una pequeña subpoblación celular considerada la responsable de la iniciación, progresión y propagación de los tumores. En el caso del RMS, ha sido reportada la existencia de células madre tumorales en el subtipo embrionario pero no en el alveolar, el subtipo más agresivo de RMS. Debido a la falta de marcadores adecuados para el aislamiento de esta subpoblación celular, en este trabajo se realizaron ensayos basados en la formación de estructuras celulares (holoclones y esferas) enriquecidas en células madre tumorales para su selección y posterior estudio. La capacidad de las células de RMS para formar estas estructuras nos ha permitido demostrar la existencia de un subgrupo de células con capacidad de auto-renovación, por primera vez también en el subtipo alveolar. Además, en este trabajo se muestra la implicación de la vía HH en el mantenimiento de las células iniciadoras de RMS. Tanto los holoclones como las esferas mostraron una sobre-activación de esta vía de señalización; su inhibición farmacológica mediante el tratamiento con Sonidegib y MEDI-5304 resultó en una reducción en la formación de ambas estructuras celulares, mostrando por primera vez el papel clave de los ligandos HH para el mantenimiento de esta subpoblación celular. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados apuntan a que la vía HH tiene un papel clave en el mantenimiento de las células iniciadoras de RMS y que su inhibición tendría un gran potencial terapéutico para prevenir recidivas locales y metástasis. En resumen, en esta tesis se describe la implicación de los ligandos HH en la oncogenicidad del RMS así como su papel en el mantenimiento de las células iniciadoras de RMS, posicionándolos como nuevas dianas terapéuticas para el desarrollo de futuras terapias contra el RMS.Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and is thought to derive from embryonic cells committed to developing into skeletal muscle. Histologically, RMS is divided into 2 major subtypes: embryonal (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS), which differ in their clinical presentation, response to therapy and prognostic, being the alveolar subtype the most aggressive. Hedgehog (HH) pathway is considered to play an important role in the development and progression of several types of cancer, including RMS. Although a consistent activation of the HH pathway is well established in RMS, the molecular mechanism that drives its activation remains unknown. This work describes for first time the contribution of HH ligands (Sonic, Indian and Desert) in the HH pathway activation as well as their implication in oncogenesis, pointing to an autocrine ligand-dependent activation of the pathway in this neoplasia. A comparison of pharmacologic Smoothened inhibition (Sonidegib and Vismodegib) and HH ligand blocking (MEDI-5304) is provided. Interestingly, a first description of pernicious induction of cell invasiveness through the off-target activation of Unfolded protein response (UPR) after Vismodegib treatment is also reported. Taken together, these results establish the molecular mechanism of HH pathway activation and clarify the oncogenic role of this signalling pathway and, in particular, of the HH ligands. Likewise, a growing body of evidence describes the key role of HH pathway in cancer stem cells (CSC) maintenance in some neoplasias, a small subpopulation of cells considered to be the responsible of the initiation, progression and propagation of tumors. Although the existence of CSC has been reported in eRMS, their existence in aRMS, the most malignant subtype, has not been demonstrated to date. Given the lack of suitable markers to identify this subpopulation in aRMS, we used cancer stem cell-enriched supracellular structures (spheres and holoclones) to study this subpopulation. This strategy allowed us to demonstrate the capacity of both aRMS and eRMS cells to form these structures and retain self-renewal capacity. Furthermore, cells contained in spheres and holoclones showed a significant HH pathway induction, the pharmacologic inhibition of which impairs the formation of both holoclones and spheres, showing for first time the key role of HH ligands in the maintenance of RMS-initiating cells. Our findings point to a crucial role of this pathway in the maintenance of these structures and suggest that HHpathway targeting in CSC may have great potential in preventing local relapses and metastases. In summary, our findings describe the implication of HH ligands in the RMS oncogenesis as well as their role in the maintenance of RMS-initiating cells, pointing them as new therapeutic targets for the development of futures therapies against RMS