Evaluation and application of the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model in two-dimensional, unsteady, compressible boundary layers with and without separation in engine inlets

There is a practical need to model high speed flows that exist in jet engine inlets. The boundary layers that form in these inlets may be turbulent or laminar and either separated or attached. Also, unsteady supersonic inlets may be subject to frequent changes in operating conditions. Some changes in the operating conditions of the inlets may include varying the inlet geometry, bleeds and bypasses, and rotating or translating the centerbody. In addition, the inlet may be either started or unstarted. Therefore, a CFD code, used to model these inlets, may have to run for several different cases. Also, since the flow conditions through an unsteady inlet may be continually fluctuating, the CFD code which models these flows may have to be run over many time steps. Therefore, it would be beneficial that the code run quickly. Many turbulence models, however, are cumbersome to implement and require a lot of computer time to run, since they add to the number of differential equations to be solved to model a flow. The Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is a popular model. It is an algebraic, eddy viscosity model. The Baldwin-Lomax model is used in many CFD codes because it is quick and easy to implement. In this paper, we will discuss implementing the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model for both steady and unsteady compressible flows. In addition, these flows may be either separated or attached. In order to apply this turbulence model to flows which may be subjected to these conditions, certain modifications should be made to the original Baldwin-Lomax model. We will discuss these modifications and determine whether the Baldwin-Lomax model is a viable turbulence model that produces reasonably accurate results for high speed flows that can be found in engine inlets

Cryogenic Model Materials

An overview and status of current activities seeking alternatives to 200 grade 18Ni Steel CVM alloy for cryogenic wind tunnel models is presented. Specific improvements in material selection have been researched including availability, strength, fracture toughness and potential for use in transonic wind tunnel testing. Potential benefits from utilizing damage tolerant life-prediction methods, recently developed fatigue crack growth codes and upgraded NDE methods are also investigated. Two candidate alloys are identified and accepted for cryogenic/transonic wind tunnel models and hardware

Níveis críticos de fósforo, para eucalipto, em casa de vegetação, em função da sua localização no solo Critical phosphorus levels for greenhouse grown eucalyptus as related to the placement of fertilizer p in the soil

A disponibilidade do P é modificada pela aplicação localizada desse elemento no solo, pois diminui sua adsorção, precipitação e fixação, pela redução do contato com o solo. Estudou-se, em casa de vegetação, a calibração de P em função da diferença de teores de P do solo provocada por sua aplicação localizada. Foram utilizadas amostras de Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos distróficos com textura muito argilosa e de outro com textura média. Utilizaram-se 14 combinações de sete doses de P adicionadas nas partes central e superior da amostra do vaso ("cova") com outras sete doses de P adicionadas no solo circulante à "cova" ("solo externo"). As amostras dos dois locais foram incubadas por 40 dias com P em embalagens separadas e depois acondicionadas no vaso. Uma muda de Eucalyptus pellita foi cultivada na parte média da "cova" de cada vaso por 82 dias. Determinaram-se a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea (MS) e o teor de P por Mehlich-1 nos dois locais do solo em amostras colhidas depois da incubação e antes do plantio e em uma amostra composta pelo solo da "cova" mais o "externo" da parte superior, após a colheita. O efeito da localização foi evidente, pois a produção de MS não se relacionou bem com a quantidade de P aplicada por vaso, e sim com as doses aplicadas nos dois locais. O crescimento da planta dependeu essencialmente da dose aplicada na "cova". Valores elevados do nível crítico para a "cova" não implicam uso de grande quantidade de P por vaso. O teor de P na amostra após a colheita representou bem a disponibilidade média, porém não se relacionou bem com a produção de MS, o que dificulta a obtenção de um nível crítico para amostras que representem a fertilidade média para todo o volume de solo. Mudanças no método de calibração de P são sugeridas em condições de aplicação localizada do P.<br>The availability of P is influenced by the application location of this element to the soil, affecting the adsorption, precipitation and fixation due to the reduction of contact with the soil. This study, carried out in a greenhouse, aimed to calibrate P soil concentrations for Eucalyptus pellita growth as affected by fertilizer placement. Samples of two Oxisols were used. The treatment consisted of 14 combinations of seven P rates, which were placed in holes in the upper mid part of pots (planting hole), and seven P doses applied to the soil around the holes (external soil). Samples of the two soils were incubated separately with P for 40 days before being placed in the pots. One eucalyptus plant was grown in the middle of the fertilizer hole of each pot for 82 days. The shoot dry matter was determined and soil samples were collected from both positions of fertilizer placement before sowing and after harvesting the plant, plus a composite sample of both soil positions after harvest. The soil P content was determined by Mehlich-1. Dry matter yield was not closely related with the applied P per pot, but was related with the rates applied in both positions, which demonstrated the effect of location. Plant growth depended essentially on the dose applied in the "hole". The high critical P level determined for this placement does not express the need of using high amounts of P per pot. The P content determined in the upper soil part after harvest clearly represented the mean P availability, but was not closely related with plant growth, indicating the difficulty of establishing a critical level that would represent the mean fertility of the whole soil volume. We suggest adjustments in the calibration method for P when the element is locally applied