276 research outputs found
Understanding Adolescent Intentions to Smoke: An Examination of Relationships Among Social Influence, Prior Trial Behavior, and Antitobacco Campaign Advertising
Telephone interviews were conducted with more than 900 adolescents aged 12 to 18 as part of a multimillion dollar, statewide, antitobacco advertising campaign. The interviews addressed two primary questions: (1) Do counter-advertising campaign attitudes directly affect antismoking beliefs and intent in a manner similar to those of conventional advertisements? and (2) Can advertising campaign attitudes have a stronger effect on beliefs and intent for adolescents with prior smoking behavior and for adolescents exposed to social influence (i.e., friends, siblings, or adult smoker in the home)? The authors\u27 findings show that advertising campaign attitudes, prior trial behavior, and social influence all directly affect antismoking beliefs and that advertising campaign attitudes interact with prior trial behavior to strengthen antismoking beliefs. The results indicate that attitudes related to the campaign, prior trial behavior, and social influence directly influence intent, and advertising campaign attitudes interact with social influence and prior trial behavior to attenuate adolescent intent to smoke. In addition, the effect of advertising campaign attitudes in attenuating social influence and prior trial behavior effects on adolescent intent to smoke persists even when the authors account for strongly held beliefs about smoking. The authors discuss implications for countermarketing communications and the design and understanding of future antismoking campaigns
The Labor Strike: Is It Still A Useful Economic Weapon for Unions?, 35 J. Marshall L. Rev. 255 (2002)
Theology, News and Notes - Vol. 29, No. 03
Theology News & Notes was a theological journal published by Fuller Theological Seminary from 1954 through 2014.https://digitalcommons.fuller.edu/tnn/1078/thumbnail.jp
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ranacapa: An R package and Shiny web app to explore environmental DNA data with exploratory statistics and interactive visualizations.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is becoming a core tool in ecology and conservation biology, and is being used in a growing number of education, biodiversity monitoring, and public outreach programs in which professional research scientists engage community partners in primary research. Results from eDNA analyses can engage and educate natural resource managers, students, community scientists, and naturalists, but without significant training in bioinformatics, it can be difficult for this diverse audience to interact with eDNA results. Here we present the R package ranacapa, at the core of which is a Shiny web app that helps perform exploratory biodiversity analyses and visualizations of eDNA results. The app requires a taxonomy-by-sample matrix and a simple metadata file with descriptive information about each sample. The app enables users to explore the data with interactive figures and presents results from simple community ecology analyses. We demonstrate the value of ranacapa to two groups of community partners engaging with eDNA metabarcoding results
Long-term changes in extreme temperatures and precipitation in Spain
La creació de les bases de dades de temperatura i precipitació
dià ries anomenades, respectivament, Spanish Daily Adjusted
Temperature Series (SDATS) i Spanish Daily Adjusted
Precipitation Series (SDAPS), en el marc del projecte finançat
per la Comissió Europea EMULATE (European and North Atlantic
daily to MULtidecadal climATE variability), ha permès als
autors analitzar el canvi a llarg termini que s'ha produït en el
comportament anual dels extrems climà tics a l'Espanya peninsular
durant el perÃode 1901-2005. El conjunt de procediments
desenvolupats pels autors per tal de crear registres homogenis
de la temperatura i de la precipitació dià ries són descrits de
manera breu abans d'analitzar els canvis observats en l'ocurrència
d'extrems climà tics. S'han utilitzat els indicadors se -
güents per a dur a terme aquest estudi: excedències dels percentils
inferiors i superiors de les temperatures mà ximes (Tmax) i
mÃnimes (Tmin) dià ries, excedències de la precipitació dià ria per
sobre dels percentils 95è i 99è, l'Ãndex simple d'intensitat dià ria
(SDII) i els indicadors d'1 i 5 dies amb la precipitació més alta
de l'any. Tant l'anà lisi dels percentils superiors de les temperatures
com la dels inferiors mostren que s'ha produït un escalfament
important sobre l'Espanya peninsular al llarg del segle XX,
i que aquest ha estat més important en les temperatures
mà ximes que en les temperatures mÃnimes. No obstant això,
aquest patró presenta un lleuger canvi en el perÃode més recent
d'escalfament, en el qual la tendència d'ambdues variables
presenta valors similars. Els canvis en els indicadors
pluviomètrics no són tan clars com els estimats per la temperatura,
però s'ha detectat una tendència cap a l'ocurrència de
pluges més intenses.The development of the Spanish daily adjusted temperature
series (SDATS) and the Spanish daily adjusted precipitation series
(SDAPS) datasets in the framework of the European Community
(EC)-funded project EMULATE (European and North
Atlantic daily to MULtidecadal climATE variability) enabled the
assessment of long-term annual changes of extreme temperature
and precipitation indices over peninsular Spain for the period
1901–2005. Within this framework, a set of procedures
was developed to generate long-term (1850–2005) daily adjusted
temperature and precipitation series and to use them to
assess changes in climatic extremes. The present report describes
details of the data employed to analyze the behavior of
Spanish climate extremes and discusses the results of investigations
into the annual changes in selected indices that occurred
during the 20th century: exceedances of upper and lower
percentiles of daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures,
cold-spell duration index (CSDI), warm-spell duration
index (WSDI), daily rainfall (R) exceeding the 95th and 99th
percentiles, simple daily intensity index (SDII), and greatest 1-
and 5-day total precipitation. Upper and lower temperature
percentiles increased during the 20th century over mainland
Spain, but changes in daytime extreme temperatures were
larger than changes in night-time extreme temperatures. This
pattern, however, shifted slightly in the recent period of strong
warming, with more similar rates of change among daytime
and night-time extreme temperatures. Changes in extreme
precipitation indices were not as evident as those in extremetemperature
indices, but there was a tendency towards heavier
precipitation
Examining subgroup effects by socioeconomic status of public health interventions targeting multiple risk behaviour in adolescence
Multiple risk behaviour (MRB) refers to two or more risk behaviours such as smoking, drinking alcohol, poor diet and unsafe sex. Such behaviours are known to co-occur in adolescence. It is unknown whether MRB interventions are equally effective for young people of low and high socioeconomic status (SES). There is a need to examine these effects to determine whether MRB interventions have the potential to narrow or widen inequalities. Two Cochrane systematic reviews that examined interventions to reduce adolescent MRB were screened to identify universal interventions that reported SES. Study authors were contacted, and outcome data stratified by SES and intervention status were requested. Risk behaviour outcomes alcohol use, smoking, drug use, unsafe sex, overweight/obesity, sedentarism, peer violence and dating violence were examined in random effects meta-analyses and subgroup analyses conducted to explore differences between high SES and low SES adolescents. Of 49 studies reporting universal interventions, only 16 also reported having measured SES. Of these 16 studies, four study authors provided data sufficient for subgroup analysis. There was no evidence of subgroup differences for any of the outcomes. For alcohol use, the direction of effect was the same for both the high SES group (RR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.65, p = 0.09) and low SES group (RR 1.14, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.32, p = 0.08). The direction of effect was different for smoking behaviour in favour of the low SES group (RR 0.83, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.03, p = 0.09) versus the high SES group (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.63, p = 0.39). For drug use, the direction of effect was the same for both the high SES group (RR 1.29, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.73, p = 0.08) and the low SES group (RR 1.28, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.96, p = 0.25). The majority of studies identified did not report having measured SES. There was no evidence of subgroup difference for all outcomes analysed among the four included studies. There is a need for routine reporting of demographic information within studies so that stronger evidence of effect by SES can be demonstrated and that interventions can be evaluated for their impact on health inequalities.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6042-
ranacapa: An R package and Shiny web app to explore environmental DNA data with exploratory statistics and interactive visualizations [version 1; referees: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is becoming a core tool in ecology and conservation biology, and is being used in a growing number of education, biodiversity monitoring, and public outreach programs in which professional research scientists engage community partners in primary research. Results from eDNA analyses can engage and educate natural resource managers, students, community scientists, and naturalists, but without significant training in bioinformatics, it can be difficult for this diverse audience to interact with eDNA results. Here we present the R package ranacapa, at the core of which is a Shiny web app that helps perform exploratory biodiversity analyses and visualizations of eDNA results. The app requires a taxonomy-by-sample matrix and a simple metadata file with descriptive information about each sample. The app enables users to explore the data with interactive figures and presents results from simple community ecology analyses. We demonstrate the value of ranacapa to two groups of community partners engaging with eDNA metabarcoding results
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