Prognostic factors and outcome of patients hospitalized with community acquired Pneumonia

Introduction: Community acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a common respiratory disease and a common health problem that causes many deaths annually and has burden of costs on health care system. Prognostic factors can be used for assessing and treating patients with CAP. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prognostic factors and outcome of patients hospitalized with CAP in infectious diseases centers. Methods: In a retrospective-descriptive study, 236 patients with CAP who referred to Imam-Reza and Sina hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, during 2011-2013, were studied. Age, sex, comorbidities, rate of mortality, and laboratory results of patients were evaluated. P value considered statistically significant when ≤ 0.05 for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of patients was 68.7 ± 18.9 years, and male to female ratio was 1 to 1.02. The mean duration of hospitalization was 8.0 ± 4.6 days and mortality rate of patients was 11.9%. Increase in heart rate (r = 0.406, P = 0.001), and respiratory rate of patients (r = 0.154, P = 0.018), pleural effusion (r = 0.313, P = 0.001), increase in blood urea level (r = 0.271, P = 0.001), and increase in creatinine level (r = 0.226, P = 0.001), had significant correlation with mortality rate of patients. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, heart rate, respiratory rate, pleural effusion, blood urea level, and creatinine level had significant correlation with mortality rate of patients with CAP. Lung disease, heart disease, and diabetes were the most common comorbid conditions in these patients

The Comparison of Composition and Biological Activities in Wild and Cultivated of Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts From East Azarbayjan, Iran

Objective: The gathering of wild type Thymus kotschyanus as medicinal plant is common in Iran because of their several biological properties which caused destruction of them. The aim of this research was to compare the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of wild and cultivated type of T. kotschyanus collected from East Azarbayjan, Iran. Material and Methods: The essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts of wild and cultivated T. kotschyanus were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Antibacterial activity of (EOs) and methanol extracts were tested against bacteria by disc diffusion method and determining of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by agar dilution method and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Thirty-five components were identified representing more than 90% of the total oil constituents. The oils were dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (50.2%) for wild type and oxygenated monoterpenes (63.38%) for cultivated type. The major components in the oils of the wild type were; thymol (29.96%), p-cymene (21.35%) and α-pinene (12.72%) and for the cultivated type were; thymol (47.48%) and α-pinene (5.49%). The MIC values of bacterial strains, which were sensitive to the EO of T. kotschyanus, were in the range of 2-128 μg/mL in wild type and 2-16 μg/mL in cultivated type. Conclusion: Our data shows that, cultivation significantly affects the EOs’ chemical composition and antioxidant potential of T. kotschyanus. They signify a reasonable source of natural antibacterial substances that exhibited potential as a drug for use in pathogenic bacteria

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on Antibiotic-resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus

AbstractIntroduction and aim: The use of drugs to treat diseases led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is the most common problems in medical science. This study is done to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on against resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus.Material and methods: After collecting plants and validate its scientific name by botanists of Agricultural Organization and after drying in shade, Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii, extracted with steam distillation method by Clevenger and antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil by well diffusion on above mentioned bacteria were interpreted. Amount of Essential Oil were injected to gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC / Ms), and the amount and type compounds of the Essential Oils were identified.Results:The results showed that the extracted essence Essential Oil from the Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii has bactericidal effect. In the obtained results by GC/Ms chromatography, in Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii Essential Oils, 22 and 18 compounds, were identified respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study show that can be taken Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii in herbals groups with antibacterial properties and after evaluating their effects in vivo condition and to identify the active ingredients, as an alternative to synthetic drugs that commonly used to treat infections are used

Phenotypic and genotypic assay for detection of extended spectrum B-lactamases production by Klebsiella pnemoniae isolates in Emam Reza Hospital in Tabriz, Iran.

Objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs, to evaluate the susceptibility of K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs towards non-beta-lactam antibiotics and to study the dominant ESBLs gene in Emam Reza hospital. K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) performed for detection of blaSHV, TEM and CTX-M. The findings showed that 43.69%, 13.59%, 7.77%, 11.65% and 23.3% were from UTI, ICUs, surgery ward, lesion infections and RTI, respectively. The results showed that 43.7% of isolates were ESBLs produces. The findings revealed that 26.7%, 6.7%, 20% and 0% of K.pneumoniae producing ESBLs were resistant to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazol and imipenem, respectively. Thirty-nine blaSHV, seven blaTEM and seven blaCTX-M identified among K.pneumoniae producing ESBLs. The results reflected in cold month resistant to third generation cephalosporins were more than warm months. Generally, frequency of blaSHV was more than blaCTX-M and blaTEM

Usefulness of Urinary Catheterization in Patients Admitted to Infectious Ward of Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran

Objective: Urinary catheterization is one of most common practices in medical centers and hospitals. Despite the advantages of catheterization, it might cause serious complications such as trauma, urinary tract infection and urinary incontinence. Therefore, improper insertion of the catheter is not only useless, but may also cause morbidity and mortality, cost of diagnosis and treatment and waste of time. Materials and Methods: In the retrospective study conducted during 2013 to 2014, all hospitalized patients in Infectious Disease ward of Sina hospital in Tabriz were examined and information in respective checklists was recorded. Finally data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results: Among the 723 patients, 94 (13%) who had undergone catheterization. Twenty-five patients who were catheterized before referring to emergency were excluded. Finally, 69 patients (9.5%) were studied. The mean age was 21.85 ± 65.39. Forty-seven patients (68.1%) were catheterized. Twenty-two patients (31.9%) were improperly catheterized. Causes of improper catheterization were: to make nursing easier and patient care with 9 people (40.9%), medical failure with 8 people (36.4%) and taking urine samples with 5 people (22.7%). Thirty percent of patients had complications such as hematuria, urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection. None of the study variables were significantly associated with improper catheterization (P < .05). Conclusion: Despite the usefulness of insertion of urinary catheter, it is associated with adverse events. Improper catheter increases the risk of complications. About 1/3 of patients in Infectious Disease ward of Sina hospital in Tabriz were improperly catheterized and 30% faced complications

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated From Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Units of Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran

Objective: Due to critical clinical situation and use of mechanical devices, managements including antibiotics and contact with hospital environment and healthcare workers, patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are susceptible to various infections, particularly those arising from aerobic gram-negative bacilli with multi-drug resistance. Knowledge of the pattern of antibiotics susceptibility and their empirical therapy helps prevent and reduce morbidity and mortality of infectious disease in ICU. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the medical records of all patients admitted to ICUs of Sina hospital of Tabriz from 2011 to 2015 were evaluated, and the information was extracted from questionnaires and statistically analyzed with SPSS 16. Results: Among a total of 332 patients, 101 (30.42%) had nosocomial infection with gram-negative bacilli and Escherichia coli (E. coli) had the highest prevalence (35.6%). Urinary tract infection (UTI) (76.23%), pneumonia (18.81%), and septicemia (4.9%) were the most frequent nosocomial infections. Forty-one patients (12.3%) had positive cultures for gram-positive and fungal infections. Additionally, 46.53% of patients were female, and no significant difference existed between the gender quality variable and the isolated aerobic gram-negative bacilli (P > .005). The highest antibiotic resistance was against ampicillin, amikacin and piperacillin and the highest sensitivity was to imipenem. Conclusion: Urinary tract and respiratory tract infections were the first and second common source of infection in ICU and E. coli as an aerobic gram-negative bacillus was the most important etiologic agent. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was to imipenem

A Comparative Study of KPC-, VIM-, NDM- and IMP-Type Carbapenemase Genes in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Similar Protocol in Real-Time PCR Method

Background and objectives: Production of Carbapenemase enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinic, has challenged the treatment of these infections and due to its natural habitat in soil and aquatic environments. This study aimed to compare carbapenemase resistance genes (VIM, KPC, NDM and IMP) using similar protocol for the four above-mentioned genes in clinical and enviromemtal isolates by Real-Time PCR. Materials and Methods:  The clinical isolates were isolated from two Tabriz Hospitals and environmental isolates from Nahnad and Spiran rivers. For their genotypic idententification we used universal primer of 16s rRNA. They were investigated for Carbapenemase production via phenotypic disk agar diffusion and combined disk methods and then Real-Time PCR was conducted using specific primers for the above-mentioned genes. Results: By phenotypic methods, 83.3 percent of clinical and 0% of environmental isolates were Carbapenemase producers. However. both clinical and environmental isolates showed blaNDM-1, blaIMP, blaKPC and blaVIM genes by Real-Time PCR. Conclusion: This study showed that the carbapenemase enzymes’ genes in clinical and environmental isolates were checked for four KPC, VIM, NDM and IMP genes by similar protocol and the presence of above genes in environmental isolates. Furthermore, clinical ones revealed the possibility of bacteria spreading as a superbug increasingly

Evaluating Antimicrobial Effects of Centaurea Plant’s Essential Oil on Pathogenic Bacteria: Staphylococcus Aureus, Staphylococcus Epidermidis, and Escherichia Coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens

Background & Objectives :Nowadays, development of drug resistance against chemical antimicrobial drugs has attracted attention using medicinal plants in treatment of infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of two species of Centaurea plant&rsquo;s essential oil on drug resistant clinical isolates of three pathogenic isolates. Materials & Methods :The studied plants were collected from Marand city in East Azerbaijan, Iran and were confirmed as Centaurea Depressa M.B. and Centaurea Cyanus L. by botanists of Iran Agriculture Organization. The essential oil of these plants (Stems and leaf) were extracted via steam distillation method by Clevenger, and their antimicrobial effects were studied by well diffusion method in the abovementioned bacteria. The components of essential oil were identified by injection to gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/M). Results :The results of this study prove that the essential oils from the abovementioned plants have bactericidal effects. The most antibacterial effect is observed in Escherichia coli strains. The results of GC/MS chromatography reveal that the essential oils of Centaurea Depressa M.B. and Centaurea Cyanus L. have 28 and 32 compounds, respectively. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the grasses could be used in medicinal plants group with antibacterial properties. However, their effects in vivo must be evaluated and the most effective component of them must be identified carefully so that they can be applied commonly as an alternative synthetic drug in treating infections

Chromium(III), manganese(II) and iron(III) complexes based on hydrazone Schiff-base and azide ligands: synthesis, crystal structure and antimicrobial activity

<p>A tridentate NNO donor hydrazine Schiff base, HL, was obtained from condensation of pyridine 2-carbaldehyde and 4-hydroxy benzohydrazide. HL and azide ligands with Cr(III), Mn(II) and Fe(III) have been used to synthesize [Cr(L)(N₃)(OCH₃)]₂ (<b>1</b>), [Mn(HL)₂(N₃)₂] (<b>2</b>), and [Fe(L)(N₃)(OCH₃)]₂·H₂O (<b>3</b>). HL is quite diverse in its chelating ability and can be a neutral or monoanionic ligand as a tridentate unit. In this paper, we report structures showing different denticities of the ligand having different charges. The ligand <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and UV–vis spectral studies and solid-state structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing that <b>1</b> and <b>3</b> are binuclear, while <b>2</b> is mononuclear. The efficiencies of the ligand and the three complexes were evaluated for antimicrobial activity; MIC data revealed that HL <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> are not strongly active in comparison to standard drugs.</p