The depopulation of the Bulgarian villages

The depopulation process in Bulgaria, especially in rural areas, is intensifying due to deepening unfavourable trends in the dynamics of demographic processes. Depopulation is a typical process in the fourth phase of demographic transition in rural areas of Bulgaria. The death rates exceed birth rates in the rural areas in the mid-1970s. The size of rural population and the number of villages in the country has been decreasing in the last decades. A large part of the villages were affected by depopulation processes during the period 1985-2007. A high depopulation level is observed in border and mountainous regions. The depopulation generates an array of different negative trends in the spatial aspect - in socio-economic development, technical and social infrastructure, as well as the erasure of many small villages. The regional development plans need to embed measures for infrastructural development in order to attract and retain residents, utilise natural and cultural-historical heritage, and to stimulate economic activities and the development of various types of tourism, etc

Perspectives For Target Therapy In The Treatment Of Malignant Neoplasms Of The Urinary Bladder

Етиологията, патогенезата и лечението на злокачествените новообразувания на пикочния мехур все още пораждат редица въпроси. Установени са биомаркери, показващи разлики в молекулния образ на инвазивния и неинвазивния уроепителен карцином, които са част от факторите, отговорни за големите вариации в лечението дори и при тумори с еднакъв хистологичен резултат. В момента стандартно прилаганата системна терапия включва различни цитотоксични химиотерапевтични схеми и се основава главно на хистологичната оценка и стадирането на тумора. От май 2016 г. за първи път се разреши прилагането на прицелна терапия при лечение на онкологични зболявания на пикочен мехур. Прицелната терапия се използва за спиране на растежа и разпространението на раковите клетки, посредством потискане на активирани сигнални пътища - най-често на фибробластния, епидермалния и ендотелния растежен фактор. Изборът на „правилното` лекарство се базира до голяма степен върху молекулно-генетичната диагноза на тумора и наличие на специфични биомаркери, показващи възможността за прилагане на едно или друго лекарство.През последните години е постигнат значителен напредък в ерата на молекулната диагностика и прицелната терапия, което неминуемо води до удължаване на преживяемостта на онкопоциентите и подобряване качеството им на живот. В тази статия ние разглеждаме потенциалните и съществуващите възможности за приложение на прецизирана терапия при пациенти с уроепителни тумори.The etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of malignant neoplasms of the bladder still address a number of issues. Several biomarkers have been identified showing differences in the molecular image of invasive and non-invasive uroepithelial carcinoma. These biomarkers are part of the factors responsible for the large variation in treatment even in tumors with the same histological diagnosis. Currently, standard systemic therapy includes various cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens and is based mainly on histological evaluation and tumor progression. Since May 2016, target therapy has been approved for the first time in the treatment of oncological bladder disease. Target therapy is used to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells by suppressing activated signaling pathways - most often fibroblast, epidermal and endothelial growth factor pathways. The choice of „ the right` drug is largely based on the molecular genetic diagnosis of the tumor and the presence of specific biomarkers indicating the applicability of one or another drug.Significant progress has been made in the era of molecular diagnosis and target therapy, which leads to prolonged survival and improved quality of life of oncology patients. In this article, we examine the potential and existing options for the use of precision therapy in patients with uroeptithelial tumors

Demographical development of Bulgaria during the transitional period

Since 1989, Bulgaria’s population faces a decrease, originally generated by a large number of ethnic Turks who emigrated to Turkey. In the period between 1988 and 2006, the decline reached approximately 1,2 million people. An estimated 71 % of this tendency is due to emigration process.The trends in the basic demographical parameters (birth rate, death rate and natural decrease) are quite negative. According to the official data, the negative balance of migration is over 800 000 people for the period 1989-2006. During the 1990s, as a result of the emigration of many young people and because of the economic crisis (especially in the years 1997 and 1998), birth rates fell down to reach levels of 7,7‰ (1997) to 7,9‰ (1998). But it is the death rate (14,7‰ in 2006), and not the birth rate, that shows significant difference compared to most EU countries. Infant mortality rate, although lowering its value, is still too high. Another difference is detected in measuring the life expectancy, which is significantly low.The demographic crisis is not only seen on a national scale, but on a regional level as well. With few exceptions, it has spread over each of the municipalities in the country, though with varying intensity and depth.Depuis 1989, la population bulgare connaît une crise qui trouve son origine dans le départ d’une grande partie des Turcs ethniques vers la Turquie. Entre 1988 et 2006, l’effondrement démographique a atteint 1,2 millions de personnes. Près de 71% de ce mouvement est dû à l’émigration.Les indicateurs démographiques de base (taux de natalité et de mortalité, accroissement naturel) sont négatifs. D’après les données officielles, la balance migratoire pour la période 1989-2006 est négative, à hauteur de 800 000 personnes. Au cours des années 1990, l’émigration d’un grand nombre de jeunes et la crise économique (surtout en 1997 et 1998) ont conduit à une chute des taux de natalité (7,7‰ en 1997 et 7,9‰ en 1998). Mais c’est le taux de mortalité (14,7‰ en 2006) et non la natalité qui démarque la Bulgarie de la plupart des autres pays de l’UE. Le taux de mortalité infantile, bien qu’en diminution, est toujours très élevé. Une autre différence réside dans l’espérance de vie, elle aussi significativement basse.La crise démographique n’est pas seulement abordée à l’échelle nationale, mais également au niveau régional. Cette crise s’est répandue, à quelques exceptions près, dans toutes les communes du pays, avec une intensité et une profondeur variables

The change of the urban network along the middle and lower Danube since the transition

The economy and urban development of the riparian regions have been partly determined by the Danube as an inland navigation line (e.g. Dunaújváros, Smederovo, Lom, Calaraşi etc.), or the economy of these towns has been based on the other features of the river (e.g. Komárom/Komarno, Nyergesújfalu, Paks, Orsova, Vidin, Kozloduy etc.). In the aftermaths of the collapse of the communist regimes and the Soviet Union and the blockade of the traffic due to the crisis of ex-Yugoslavia, the role of the Danubian transport line was changed radically (Hardi 2012). Due to these changes and the emergence of the new economy, the function and situation of these towns transformed in the last two decades. Some of them could use the new possibilities, but many of them lost their economic basis and population, becoming a peripheral region or town. Our paper gives a comparative study about the features of the Danube towns, and characterizes the typical development ways of the riparian towns. The present study summarizes the experiences of an academic exchange programme among Romanian, Bulgarian and Hungarian institutions

The Evolution of Passenger Car Production and Its Impact on Urban Development in South-Eastern Europe

The current study investigates the vehicle industry of former South-eastern European socialist states (Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria) in order to determine the role of its sector in the evolution of industrial areas of the macro-region before and following the regime change. For the purpose of this objective, the study seeks to detect where and under what circumstances the vehicle industry emerged and where its main centres are located. These centres can be called traditional in certain cases as their establishment dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, in other cases they were created to ensure motor vehicle supply during the second half of the 20th century. The various development paths of passenger car manufacturing will be compared in the three countries along with the specifics of cities hosting this industr

A személygépkocsi-gyártás fejlődése és hatása a városok fejlődésére Délkelet-Európában

Jelen tanulmány Délkelet-Európa egykori szocialista államainak (Szerbia, Románia és Bulgária) járműiparát vizsgálja abból a szempontból, hogy a nagytérség ipari térségeinek kialakulásában mekkora szerepet játszott ez az ágazat a rendszerváltás előtt és után. Ehhez megvizsgáljuk, hogy hol, milyen körülmények között jött létre a járműipar, s hol alakultak ki annak fő központjai. Ezek a központok egyes esetekben tradicionálisnak nevezhetők, mivel létesítésük visszanyúlik a 20. század elejére, máskor a század második felében hozták őket létre a gépjármű-ellátás biztosítására. Összevetjük a három ország személygépjármű gyártásának fejlődési pályáját, s az iparnak helyet adó városok jellegzetességeit

Bulgarie-Roumanie

L’intégration européenne de la Roumanie et de la Bulgarie au 1er janvier 2007 est un événement étonnant dans le contexte balkanique des deux dernières décennies. Par cette entrée fracassante dans l’Union, après un demi-siècle de socialisme et dix-huit années de « transition » mouvementées, ces deux pays limitrophes de la mer Noire donnent l’impression d’échapper enfin à un long purgatoire pour accéder à la cour des « grands ». Un trait est ainsi tiré sur le passé et des populations avides de changement voient s’éclaircir leurs horizons futurs. Les enjeux frontaliers restent au cœur de la géographie balkanique. Sur ce point, l’intégration européenne aboutit à une situation très paradoxale : tandis qu’à l’ouest les recompositions yougoslaves des années 1990 et 2000 ont été irrésistiblement guidées par une logique de fragmentation, Bulgarie et Roumanie sont parvenues à éviter toute dispute sur leurs frontières respectives. Les Balkans voient ainsi quasi-simultanément s’affronter deux logiques contradictoires : l’émiettement yougoslave associé à l’émergence de nouvelles zones de souveraineté, et l’affaiblissement simultané, plus à l’est, de tronçons frontaliers relativement anciens et stables, conformément aux objectifs d’ouverture de l’espace européen. L’intégration de la Grèce en 1981 n’avait en rien modifié l’isolement du pays face à la Turquie, la Yougoslavie, l’Albanie et la Bulgarie voisines. L’élargissement de 2007 induit au contraire une révolution silencieuse dans la région : après deux siècles de combats pour imposer leur indépendance, faire valoir leurs souverainetés nationales et définir des périmètres frontaliers solides, les États balkaniques entrent dans une nouvelle ère de leur gestion politique et territoriale. Ils renouent avec une liberté de circuler qui n’avait pas été connue depuis un siècle… sous l’Empire ottoman