DESAFIOS PARA O INTERNAMENTO DOMICILIAR DO IDOSO NA PERSPECTIVA DA FAMÍLIA

Objetivo: conhecer as vivências que permeiam o internamento domiciliar do idoso na perspectiva da família. Método: estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com dez cuidadores familiares de idosos cadastrados em um Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar. Os dados foram coletados de abril a junho de 2019, por meio de entrevista individual semiestruturada e submetida à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a atenção domiciliar proporciona benefícios ao cuidado, como o conforto do lar, vínculos afetivos e apoio dos profissionais de saúde. A inexperiência nos cuidados diretos no domicílio, a escassez de recursos materiais e financeiros e a ausência de integração entre os serviços foram descritos como desafios para o cuidado. As ações de capacitação do cuidador para a alta hospitalar implicam na continuidade do cuidado e aperfeiçoamento das habilidades necessárias. Considerações finais: os resultados demonstraram a importância da compreensão das potencialidades e os desafios para as famílias cuidarem do idoso no domicilio.Descritores: Cuidador. Assistência Domiciliar. Enfermagem. Idoso

Desafios para realização da alta na atenção domiciliar

Objective:understand the discharge process of patients and family members assisted by home care services.Methoddescriptive-exploratory, qualitative study carried out with ten professionals from two Multiprofessional Home Care Teams linked to a Municipal Health Department. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews, audio-recorded and submitted to content analysis, thematic modality. Results: the interviewees mentioned difficulties in recognizing the appropriate time to start the planning of care transition activities, the lack of a standardized flow harmful to the continuation of care by Primary Care, the use of the Singular Therapeutic Project, the unification of information systems and the development of protocols for safe care transition. Conclusion: the difficulties related to the discharge show the need for interventions that involve the elaboration of protocols for articulation between services and maintenance of continuous and comprehensive care.Objetivo: compreender o processo de realização da alta de pacientes e familiares assistidos por serviços de atenção domiciliar. Método: estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo, realizado com dez profissionais de duas Equipes Multiprofissionais da Atenção Domiciliar vinculadas a uma Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, áudiogravadas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática.Resultados: os entrevistados referiram dificuldades em reconhecer o momento adequado para iniciar o planejamento das atividades de transição dos cuidados, a inexistência de um fluxo padronizado prejudicial à continuação dos cuidados pela Atenção Primária, o uso do Projeto Terapêutico Singular, a unificação dos sistemas de informação e o desenvolvimento de protocolos para a transição de cuidados seguros. Conclusão: as dificuldades relacionadas à execução da alta evidenciam a necessidade de intervenções que envolvam a elaboração de protocolos para a articulação entre os serviços e manutenção do cuidado continuado e integral

Support for UNRWA's survival

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) provides life-saving humanitarian aid for 5·4 million Palestine refugees now entering their eighth decade of statelessness and conflict. About a third of Palestine refugees still live in 58 recognised camps. UNRWA operates 702 schools and 144 health centres, some of which are affected by the ongoing humanitarian disasters in Syria and the Gaza Strip. It has dramatically reduced the prevalence of infectious diseases, mortality, and illiteracy. Its social services include rebuilding infrastructure and homes that have been destroyed by conflict and providing cash assistance and micro-finance loans for Palestinians whose rights are curtailed and who are denied the right of return to their homeland

Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients. Methods We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area, or who had an eGFR of at least 45 but less than 90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (with albumin measured in milligrams and creatinine measured in grams) of at least 200. Patients were randomly assigned to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or matching placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of progression of kidney disease (defined as end-stage kidney disease, a sustained decrease in eGFR to < 10 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), a sustained decrease in eGFR of & GE;40% from baseline, or death from renal causes) or death from cardiovascular causes. Results A total of 6609 patients underwent randomization. During a median of 2.0 years of follow-up, progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes occurred in 432 of 3304 patients (13.1%) in the empagliflozin group and in 558 of 3305 patients (16.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.82; P < 0.001). Results were consistent among patients with or without diabetes and across subgroups defined according to eGFR ranges. The rate of hospitalization from any cause was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.95; P=0.003), but there were no significant between-group differences with respect to the composite outcome of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes (which occurred in 4.0% in the empagliflozin group and 4.6% in the placebo group) or death from any cause (in 4.5% and 5.1%, respectively). The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Among a wide range of patients with chronic kidney disease who were at risk for disease progression, empagliflozin therapy led to a lower risk of progression of kidney disease or death from cardiovascular causes than placebo

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field