Physiology and Pathology of Cytokine: Commercial Production and Medical Use

Cytokines are small, short-lived proteins secreted by many different cell types. As signaling molecules, cytokines provide communication between cells and play a crucial role in modulating innate and adaptive immune response. The family of cytokines includes interferons, interleukins, chemokines, mesenchymal growth factors, tumor necrosis factor family and adipokines. Interferons (IFNs) are a multigene family of inducible cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory function. Recombinant DNA technology can be useful in the production of human IFNs. This process includes fermentation, purification, and formation of the final product. Interleukins are classified in families based on sequence homology, receptor-binding properties, biological function, and cellular sources. TNF and IL-1 are considered to be key mediators of inflammatory response, while IL-6 plays a key role in the transition from acute to chronic inflammation. The inhibition of TNF includes administration of anti-TNF antibody and TNF receptor (TNFR). The reduction of IL-1 level can be achieved by the administration of anti-IL-1 antibody or IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and the reduction of IL-6 level in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases can be achieved by the administration of anti-IL-6 antibody and anti-IL-6 receptor antibody. Recombinant cytokines and cytokine antagonists (antibodies and receptors) can be used in treating many different diseases

The impact of women's entrepreneurship in the social and economic development, including gender equality

The author of this article focused on individual characteristics, motivations and attitudes of women entrepreneurs and came to the conclusion that the primary motive for women to become entrepreneurs is the desire to achieve job satisfaction and economic independence, which are the main motivators for men entrepreneurs also. Her article began the era of research on female entrepreneurship, its specific characteristics and factors. In recent years of the twenty-first century, in light of the struggle for gender equality and for improving the women’s position in countries around the world, women entrepreneurs’ issues receive a special significance

JUVENILE PRISON IN PARALLEL LEGISLATION

Abstract The need for punishment of juveniles occurred from the time when there was no clear line separating them from the adult criminal population. At the same time, the evolution of the juvenile punishment is not in itself involve substantial changes to their criminal status. On the contrary, the status of minors in society did not show serious differences regarding the status of young adults, as well as the adult elderly. On the other hand, on the ground of their punishment is recorded deviations that go in the direction of application of mild corporal punishment. Closing the minor was performed in a physically separate parts of the general penal institutions with the use of a lower degree of restrictions while serving juvenile prison. Due to the different treatment of minors during the evolution of their criminal status leads to their different treatment in comparative law. That is why we are witnessing the existence of numerous differences in the juvenile punishment in some countries in the world. On the European continent there is a wide range of different legal solutions when it comes to punishing juveniles. There are considerable differences in the procedure pronouncing juvenile prison and in particular penal treatment of juveniles in penitentiary institutions. For these reasons, the author has decided to show the basic statutory provisions in the part that relates to the issue of punishment of minors in the legislation of individual countries

International norms protecting children’s human rights – Case study of Serbia

Republic of Serbia is part of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) with its Optional Protocols and therefore, obliged to implement its provisions and to submit relevant reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (Committee). In 2008, the Republic of Serbia presented the Initial Report on the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In 2010, Serbia presented the Initial Report on the Implementation of the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. The Second and Third periodic State Reports of Serbia were prepared and presented to the UN Committee at the beginning of the 2017. The UN Committee’s concluding remarks on both reports were publicly available at the internet presentation of the competent ministry and, later on, the Office for Human and Minority Rights of the Government of the Republic of Serbia at the beginning of February 2017. However, also were prepared the Second and Third Alternative Periodic Report, submitted to the UN Committee. Those alternative reports were written by NGOs in Serbia united in the Coalition for Monitoring Child Rights in Republic of Serbia, consisted of sixteen NGOs in Serbia. Those developments prove the dynamism of the implementation process. The study is dealing with the issue of the implementation level of the UN Committee recommendations related to the protection of the rights of the children in Serbia. In this context, both legal and institutional aspects are subject of the analysis. The purpose of the study is to explore the area for improvement of the child rights policy at national level on the basis of the example of Serbia. The final outcome of this paper is to formulate relevant recommendations for th e advancement of the implementation of international norms protecting children’s human rights

Testing the Effect of Aggressive Beverage on the Damage of Enamel Structure

BACKGROUND: Dental erosion is a common problem in modern societies, owing to the increased consumption of acid drinks such as soft drinks, sports drinks, fruit juice. Examining the enamel surface with the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) enables more precise registering and defining the changes of enamel surface structure and microhardness. This method can be used to compare the efficiency of application of different preventive and therapy materials and medicaments in dentistry. The chronic regular consumption of low pH cola drinks encouraged the erosion of the teeth. The loss of anatomy and sensitivity are direct results of acid cola dissolving coronal tooth material. Under the influence of coca cola, a change of crystal structure and nanomorphology on enamel surface occurs.AIM: This paper reflects dental damage from abusive cola drinking, and the clinical presentation can be explained from data presented in this thesis.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial was conducted on a total of 40 extracted teeth which were divided into two groups treated with the solution of coca cola during 5 minutes, and then prepared and tested with a standard AFM procedure, type SPM-5200. Quantitative analysis was performed by comparing the roughness parameters (Ra) of the treated and non-treated sample.RESULTS: Based on the test of a hypothesis of the existence of differences between the treated and untreated sample, with an application of a t-test, it is shown that there are statistically highly significant differences between Ra of the treated sample with a 5-minute treatment of coca cola and Ra of the same sample without the treatment.CONCLUSION: Use of AFM enables successful monitoring of changes on enamel surface as well as the interpretation of the ultrastructural configuration of the crystal stage and the damage created under the influence of different external factors

Management, Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Acetylcholinesterase as a Biomarker of the Toxic Effects of Pesticides in People Occupationally Exposed

AIM: The paper presents research on the most common causes of exposure that leads to disorders of cholinesterase activity, as well as an overview of the results of cholinesterase activity with the poisoned people.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a group of 35 acute poisoned patients by organophosphate compounds has led to inhibition of AchE. A total number of examined workers are 175 in the chemical industry and agricultural production in the area of Rasina District-Serbia.RESULTS: The results showed that among workers who are constantly exposed to pesticides, acetylcholinesterase is within the reference value. Having examined the medical records of these workers, it is noted that, at 72%, there is a slight fall of AchE activity, each year. The workers who had been exposed to pesticides at the time of testing had acetylcholinesterase regarding reference value, but 52% of them had a few years ago significantly reduced the value of the activity of acetylcholinesterase, which was treated and then transferred to other jobs. The 48% of these workers had acetylcholinesterase regarding benchmarks or were transferred to other jobs, for a variety of other health problems.CONCLUSION: Using each pesticide should only deal with people who are well versed in the way of its use, as well as the way of protecting them from poisoning

Uloga poslovnog odlučivanja u funkcionisanju kompanije

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Renewable Energy - Wind Turbines, Solar Cells, Small Hydroelectric Plants, Biomass, and Geothermal sources of energy

Renewable Energy - Wind Turbines, Solar Cells, Small Hydroelectric Plants, Biomass, and Geothermal sources of energy, New Functional Materials and Hight Technologies, Tivat, Montenegr

Juvenile prison in parallel legislation

The need for punishment of juveniles occurred from the time when there was no clear line separating them from the adult criminal population. At the same time, the evolution of the juvenile punishment is not in itself involve substantial changes to their criminal status. On the contrary, the status of minors in society did not show serious differences regarding the status of young adults, as well as the adult elderly. On the other hand, on the ground of their punishment is recorded deviations that go in the direction of application of mild corporal punishment. Closing the minor was performed in a physically separate parts of the general penal institutions with the use of a lower degree of restrictions while serving juvenile prison. Due to the different treatment of minors during the evolution of their criminal status leads to their different treatment in comparative law. That is why we are witnessing the existence of numerous differences in the juvenile punishment in some countries in the world. On the European continent there is a wide range of different legal solutions when it comes to punishing juveniles. There are considerable differences in the procedure pronouncing juvenile prison and in particular penal treatment of juveniles in penitentiary institutions. For these reasons, the author has decided to show the basic statutory provisions in the part that relates to the issue of punishment of minors in the legislation of individual countries

Criminal offense of robbery in legislation and practice

The criminal offense of robbery is not mentioned in the oldest legal monuments. However, it represents the legal construction that has been introduced afterwards. Robbery includes both coercion and theft, which are in a special mutual relationship. Coercion is the means for performing theft, that is taking away someone's movable by using force. Ratio legis of this criminal offense reflects legislator's striving to introduce within their incrimination zone two independent criminal offenses made by the unity of time and space. According to its nature, robbery represents a serious criminal offense because it attacks basic human rights (life, body and property), which is confirmed by the penalty of imprisonment. Since it represents the modified form of violent theft in its basis, it is necessary to define its place in legislation and court practice. Thus, the paper will consider all important issues of this criminal offense within mentioned framework