<Article>Hawthorne\u27s Struggle for a Masculine Identity in "The Custom-House"

『緋文字』の序文「税関」は,ホーソーンがセーレム税関に勤務した3年間を描いた自伝的エッセイである。そこには,近代的な家族形態が出現し,性別による役割分担が強化される一方で,作家という職業が女性的なイメージを与えられがちであった19世紀前半のアメリカで,男性作家ホーソーンが持っていた,ジェンダーに対する複雑な感情を読みとることができる。作品には,社会に受け入れられているジェンダーの基準から逸脱しているホーソーンの姿が見られると同時に,社会が男性らしいとするものと自分自身をなんとか結びつけようとするホーソーンの姿も見られるのである。本稿は,歴史家によるアメリカの家庭生活についての研究や,ホーソーンの伝記を参照しながら「税関」を読み直し,ホーソーンがジェンダーに対してどのような態度をとったかを考察することを目的とする

Southern Womanhood, the Racial Other, and Amalgamation : Death and Revivification of Two Beautiful Women in E. A. Poe\u27s "Ligeia"(In Commemoration of the Retirement of Professor Shunsuke Okuda, Michinobu Takagi and Tadashi Takahashi)

本稿は,エドガー・アラン・ポーの短編小説「リジイア」の中に,人種に関する表象を見出し,それらを,白人女性崇拝,異人種間結婚への嫌悪,人類多原発生説への傾倒といった,アンテベラム期アメリカ南部の人種主義的な言説と比較検討することを目的とする。「リジイア」には二人の対照的な美女が登場する。ロウィーナは,南部の白人女性の理想を体現する人物であり,リジイアは,その理想をことごとく拒否し,白人と異人種の混血児であることを暗示する人物である。理想的な白人女性は,南部の秩序と安定の象徴であったにもかかわらず,作品には,ロウィーナを憎悪し,リジイアの魅力に取りつかれる語り手が登場し,結末では,リジイアとロウィーナが合体する場面が描写される。ポーは,アメリカで人種をめぐる議論が活発であったアンテベラム期に創作活躍をしたが,文学作品において,人種に関する問題を直接扱うことはほとんどない。彼を奴隷制擁護の南部人だとみなす批評家もいる。しかし,「リジイア」に潜んだ人種の表象を検討すると,ポーは作品において,人種主義的な言説を解体し,表面的な人種の差異によって明確な境界を定めることの無益さを描いたのではないかという結論に至る

Controlled structure of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles by using organic additives in a microwave process

Synthesis of anatase nanoparticles was carried out in a microwave system. Crystal morphology was controlled by organic additives including PAAc (polyacrylic acid) and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone). Modified TiO2 particles were compared to the bare TiO2 anatase structure. The synthesis of materials via the microwave system has great advantages due to the short reaction period and low energy requirement and is therefore an environmentally friendly process compared to the hydrothermal process. The decomposition of acetaldehyde was studied to determine the photocatalytic activity of the modified anatase TiO2 material

異種混交の庭が表象するもの : ラパチーニの庭とホーソーンの人種意識(西昭夫先生退職記念号)

Rappaccini\u27s Daughter is set in old Italy and appears to have no explicit relation to the United States of 1844. However, put side by side with the social background, biographies of Hawthorne, and his Notebooks, it seems to be involved in the mid-nineteenth-century American context, especially in race problems. "Rappaccini\u27s Daughter" presents the image of racial difference and the possibility of miscegenation. Beatrice is a hybrid of human and plant. She is also half-Westerner and half-Asian. Baglioni\u27s fable of the Indian woman associates Giovanni with the Macedonian king Alexander, and Beatrice with the Indian woman. The love between Beatrice and Giovanni suggests the image of miscegenation. "Rappaccini,s Daughter" is a story where America, France, Italy, and the Orient confront each other. Hawthorne introduces to American readers a tale written by a French writer. The setting for the story is laid in Italy, where various elements of the Orient can be found. While visiting Horatio Bridge in Maine in 1837, Hawthorne was given the name Aubepine by a German-Frenchman. He uses the French name as a pseudonym in "Rappaccini\u27s Daughter." According to American Notebooks, during this trip he had a lot of chances to come into contact with non-Anglo-Americans. There is a possibility that Hawthorne\u27s experience in Maine to see many racially different people was one of the sources of "Rappaccini\u27s Daughter." Canonical American writers often take complicated attitude toward racial others in their works. Ambiguity seen in "Rappaccini\u27s Daughter" may reveal the anxiety of Hawthorne over the threat of racial mixture in antebellum America

Effect of chemical etching by sulfuric acid or H2O2–NH3 mixed solution on the photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO2 nanorods

Rutile TiO2 nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal treatment were etched by addition of H2O2–NH3 or H2SO4 solution. The etched rutile TiO2 nanorods were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, and specific surface area measurements. New crystal faces were generated on rutile TiO2 nanorods by means of chemical etching. In the case of treatment with H2O2–NH3 solution, the shape of the rutile TiO2 nanorod changed to a sepal-like structure with reaction time. The dissolution of rutile TiO2 nanorod mainly proceeded along [0 0 1] direction. When treated with sulfuric acid, the end [(1 1 1) face] of the rutile TiO2 nanorod was gradually etched. The rutile TiO2 nanorod finally exposed (0 0 1) and (0 2 1) faces during prolonged treatment time. In both cases, rutile TiO2 nanorods were differently etched. The etched rutile TiO2 nanorod showed higher photocatalytic activity for degradation of toluene in gas phase than the original particles

Development of a visible-light-responsive rutile rod by site-selective modification of iron(III) ion on {1 1 1} exposed crystal faces

{1 1 1} exposed crystal faces of shape-controlled rutile titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) were site-selectively modified with trivalent iron(III) (Fe3+) ions by utilizing adsorption property of iron(III)/iron(II) (Fe3+/Fe2+) ions. The rutile TiO2 with site-selective modification of Fe3+ ions showed high photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation as a result of separation of redox sites, i.e., oxidation and reduction proceed over Fe3+ ions on {1 1 1} faces and the bare TiO2 surface on {1 1 0} faces, respectively. Double-beam photoacoustic spectroscopic analyses suggest that the high activity of TiO2 with site-selective modification of Fe3+ ions is attributed to not efficient electron injection from Fe3+ ions but efficient reduction by injected electrons on {1 1 0} faces

Dependence of Photocatalytic Activity on Aspect Ratio of Shape-Controlled Rutile Titanium(IV) Oxide Nanorods

Shape-controlled rutile titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanorods with various aspect ratios were prepared by two-step synthesis in the presence of two kinds of inorganic anions. The first synthesis step from titanium(III) chloride solution induced the formation of aggregated needlelike rutile TiO2, the shape of which largely depended on the inorganic anion used. Moreover, shape-controlled rutile TiO2 rods with {110} side crystal faces and {111} and/or {001} edge crystal faces were obtained by hydrothermal treatment of the needlelike rutile TiO2. Their aspect ratios were largely influenced by the starting material used in the hydrothermal treatment. The photocatalytic activity for decomposition of acetaldehyde increased with decreasing aspect ratio because the surface area ratio of {111} and/or {001} to {110} exposed crystal faces, which are attributed to oxidation and reduction sites respectively, became more optimal

Improvement of visible light responsivity of rutile TiO2 nanorods by site-selective modification of iron(III) ion on newly exposed faces formed by chemical etching treatment

Site-selective modification of trivalent iron(III) (Fe3+) ions was applied to rutile titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) nanorods after chemical etching treatment in order to improve photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation. Chemical etching of rutile nanorods with {1 1 0} and {1 1 1} faces using aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrogen (H2O2)–ammonia (NH3) solution exposed {0 0 1} and {1 1 n} (n < 1) faces, respectively. Fe3+-modified rutile nanorods after chemical etching exhibited higher photocatalytic activity for degradation of toluene in gas phase than that before chemical etching. This improvement of photocatalytic activity was attributed to a large amount of site-selectively-modified Fe3+ ions, resulting in an increase in photoabsorption. Moreover, our results indicate that a rutile nanorod with large {0 0 1} and {1 1 0} exposed crystal faces is the most suitable structure for visible light response by site-selective modification of Fe3+ ions

A Study on the Relationship between Learner Autonomy and Academic Grades

英語学習者は,学習する過程で,教員に依存した状態から自律して学習できる状態に至ることが理想とされるが,その過程をうまく進む者とそうでない者に分かれる。本研究では,前者と後者にどのような違いがあるのかを明らかにすることを目的に,英語教員と心理学を専門とする教員がチームを組み,英語力によって学習者をわけ,質問紙による調査を実施することにした。先行研究を参考にしながら,質問紙の尺度を考案し,「教員への依存性」,「自己効力感」,「学習者の自律性」を質問に取り人れた。商経学部の1年生と2年生の英語クラスから,成績別に6クラスを選び,計357人にその質問紙を与え調査を実施した。その結果,教員への依存性,自己効力感,学習者の自律性の3つの尺度に関しては,十分な信頼性が確認された。相関分析の結果,学習者の自律性が高いと,自己効力感が有意に高いことが示された。しかし,教員への依存性と自己効力感との間に有意な相関は見られなかった。また学力高群と低群とを比較したところ,学力高群の方が自己効力感が高く,さらに教員への依存性が高いことが示された。質問紙調査のあとの追調査として,調査対象者から尺度得点のパターンに特徴のある群を選び出し,英語学習に関する考えを半構造化面接によって聴取した。その結果,全体として商経学部の学生は英語学習に関して自律しておらず,教員に依存しながら自己効力感を高くしている学習者が高学力群になっていることが判明した

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis of YKL-40 and Its Comparison with Mammalian Chitinase mRNAs in Normal Human Tissues Using a Single Standard DNA

YKL-40 (YKL for the first three N-terminal residues of a 40 kDa protein) belongs to a group of human chitinase-like proteins (CLPs), which are similar to chitinases but lack chitinolytic activity. YKL-40 mRNA and its protein levels have been reported elevated in multiple disorders including asthma, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and malignant tumors. Here, we quantified the YKL-40 mRNA levels and compared them with chitinases and housekeeping genes in normal human tissues. To establish the quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) system for evaluation of relative YKL-40 mRNA levels, we constructed a human standard DNA molecule by ligating cDNAs of YKL-40, two mammalian chitinases and two housekeeping genes in a one-to-one ratio. We generated cDNAs from various normal human tissues and analyzed the YKL-40 mRNA expression levels using a qPCR system with the standard DNA. We found that YKL-40 mRNA is present widely in human tissues while its expression patterns exhibit clear tissue specificity. Highest YKL-40 mRNA levels were detected in the liver, followed by kidney, trachea and lung. The levels of YKL-40 mRNA in the kidney and liver were more than 100-times higher than those of chitotriosidase mRNA. Our study provides for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the relative expression levels of YKL-40 mRNA versus mammalian chitinases in normal human tissues